Notes - Agri-culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature - page 202

in the Russian states 38 mt, and in China 38 mt. World consumption of all
fertilizer has grown from 30 mt in 1960 (when nitrogen consumption was
11 mt, phosphate 11 mt and potassium 8 mt). Data are from the International
Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris.
31 WHO (1998) Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic . See also
Oster et al, 1999.
32 See WHO (2001) Food and Health in Europe: A Basis for Action.
33 For details of food-borne illnesses, see CDC, 2001; Kaeferstein et al,
1997; Mead et al, 1999. For US Department of Agriculture (USDA) data on
microbial infections in farm animals, see the USDA website (www.usda.
fsis.usda.gov). For costs of antibiotic resistance, see the National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases. For Centres for Disease Control (CDC), see
the CDC website (www.cdc.gov).
34 See Buzby and Robert, 1997; WHO (2001) Food and Health in Europe .

35 Table 3.1 Incidence of microbial infection in US farm animals

Proportion of individuals with infectious bacteria (%)
Broiler chickens Turkeys Pigs Cattle

Clostridium 43 29 10 8

Campylobacter 88 90 32 1

Salmonella 29 19 8 3

Staphylococcus 65 65 16 8

Source: USDA data

36 For more on antibiotics and the emergence of resistance, see Harrison
and Lederberg, 1998; Wise et al, 1998; House of Lords, 1998.
37 See Havelaar et al, 2000; WHO, 2001; FAO, 2001.
38 See Willis et al, 1993; Foster et al, 1997; Stewart et al, 1997; Hanley et
al, 1998.
39 See Cobb et al, 1998.
40 Data are from the Countryside Agency and English Tourism Council
surveys: 1968 million tourist-days were spent in the UK in 1998, of which 433
million were to the countryside, 118 million to the seaside, and 1299 million
to towns.
41 IATP, 1997.
42 Watershed Agricultural Council. Catskill/Delaware Watershed Complex
(www.iatp.org/watersheds).
43 Pretty and Ball, 2001.
44 See Pretty and Ball, 2001; Swingland et al, 2002.
45 Growing empirical evidence on the costs of compliance with environ-
mental regulations and taxes suggests that there has been little or no impact on
the overall competitiveness of businesses or countries, with some indications that
they have increased efficiency and employment. See EEA, 1996; 1999; Smith