Survival of Microorganisms on Inanimate Surfaces - Use of Biocidal Surfaces for Reduction of Healthcare Acquired Infections - page 13

Table 2.2 (continued)

Range of survival
(environment) Organism Reference

a

Salmonella spp . 1 day

Morita et al. [ 76 ] a

non typhoid Salmonella
spp .

336 days

Davies and Wray [ 27 ] a Salmonella enteritidis

(broiler farms)

1 year

Aviles et al. [ 1 ] a Salmonella enteritica

sv. Tennessie

30 days (dried in
desiccated milk
powder)

a

Serratia marcescens 3 days up to 2 months; on

dry floor: 5 weeks

Ghosh and Sehgal [ 42 ] a Shigella spp . 2 days up to 5 months

3-11 days in water

Staphylococcus aureus
including MRSA
and MSSA

7 days up to 1 year
(in-vitro)

Oie and Kamiya [ 81 ], Wagenvoort
and Penders [ 118 ], Huang
et al. [ 54 , 55 ], Noyce
et al. [ 80 ], Tolba et al. [ 108 ],
Petti et al. [ 90 ] a

9-12 days (plastic
surfaces)
72 h (stainless steel)
6 h (copper)

28 days (dry mops)

14 days (in water)

Walsh and Camilli [ 120 ] a Streptococcus

pneumoniae

1 day up to 30 month

Wagenvoort et al. [ 119 ] a Streptococcus pyogenes 3 days up to 6.5 months

a

Vibrio cholerae 1-7 days

Guan and Holley [ 46 ] a Yersinia enterocolitica Up to 64 weeks (in water)

Rose et al. [ 98 ] a

Yersinia pestis Up to 5 days

a Additional references in Kramer et al. [ 64 , 65 ]

only for a few days [ 18 ]. Herpes viruses such as Cytomegalie virus or Herpes simplex
virus type 1 and 2 have been shown to persist from only a few hours up to 7 days.
Viruses from the gastrointestinal tract, such as Astrovirus, Hepatitis A virus,
Polio- and Rotavirus persist significantly longer for approximately 2 months.
Blood-borne viruses, such as Hepatitis B virus or Human Immunodeficiency virus
can persist for more than 1 week (Table 2.3 ).

2.3.3 Persistence of Fungi

Candida albicans, the most important nosocomial yeast, can survive up to 4 months
on surfaces. Persistence of other yeasts was described to be similar ( Torulopsis
glabrata: 5 months) or shorter ( Candida parapsilosis: 14 days) (Table 2.4 ). The
survival of fungi in the environment, however, is strongly influenced by physical
factors in nature, such as temperature and relative humidity (see Sect. 2.3.5 ).