Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.2 Published data on survival of nosocomial and community acquired pathogens on
various inanimate surfaces
Range of survival
(environment)
Organism
Reference
Acinetobacter
spp
.
3 days to 1 year (in-vitro)
Wagenvoort and Joosten [
117
],
Espinal et al. [
36
]
a
36 days within biofilm
vs. 15 days for
non-biofilm-forming
strains
Bordetella pertussis
3to
10 days; in pernasal
swabs:
Hunter [
57
], Walther and Ewald
[
121
]
a
>
4 days
>
Gonz
´
lez and H¨nninen [
44
]
a
Campylobacter jejuni
>
6 days, in water
>
60 days
Weber et al. [
123
]
a
Clostridium difficile
spores
5 months
C. difficile
, vegetative
form
15 min (dry surface)
6 h (moist surface)
Chlamydia pneumoniae
96 h
Fukumoto et al. [
40
], Haider
et al. [
51
], Matsuo et al. [
70
]
a
C. trachomatis
<
1 week
Wendel [
125
]
a
Chlamydia psittaci
15 days to months
(environment)
Walther and Ewald [
121
]
a
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
7 days to 6 months
Yeruham et al. [
129
]
a
,
Dorella et al. [
31
]
Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis
1-8 days, up to several
weeks (environment)
Enterococcus
spp
.
including VRE
5 days up to 30 months
Robine et al. [
97
], Wagenvoort
et al. [
116
]
a
Escherichia coli
1.5 h to 16 months
Guan and Holley [
46
], Erickson
et al. [
35
], Chauret [
19
]
a
,
Duffitt et al. [
33
]
E. coli
O157:H7
27 days on spinach leaves,
179 days in soil,
98 days in water
a
Haemophilus influenzae
12 days
Helicobacter pylori
90 min; in water: 2-30
days
West et al. [
124
], Percival and
Thomas [
89
]
a
Beadle and Verran [
6
]
a
Klebsiella
spp
.
2hto
144 h
in detergent solution
30 months,
>
Budzi
´
ska et al. [
13
]
a
Listeria
spp
.
1 day-months, 141 days in
water
a
Mycobacterium bovis
>
2 months
Walther and Ewald [
121
]
a
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
1 day up to 4 months
a
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
1-3 days
Tzeng et al. [
110
]
a
Neisseria meningitidis
72 h
Fukumoto et al. [
40
]
a
Parachlamydia
acanthamoebae
<
4 weeks, in presence of
blood
<
7 weeks
a
Proteus vulgaris
1-2 days
Clifton et al. [
21
]
a
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
6 h up to 16 months; on
dry floor: 5 weeks; in
aerosol: few hours
a
Salmonella typhi
6 h up to 4 weeks
a
Salmonella typhimurium
10 days up to 4.2 years
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