Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
7.2 STUDY AND CONSERVATION OF CULTIVATED CEREALS IN THE
COLLECTION FUND
The ratio of species in the collections formed to a large extent determined by their
relevance. In the world, large areas (600-700 million ha) are occupied cereals, and the
leading role belongs to wheat (spring and winter).
In the Tyumen region, for the last few years, of the total sown area of crops in
spring, wheat average is about 63 percent. We studied the collections of much of the
cultural cereals presented: 346 samples of spring wheat, 319 samples of winter wheat,
325 samples of barley, and 53 of oats (a total of 1,043 samples).
Geographical analysis of these collections has revealed that they refl ect the diver-
sity of natural factors and the level of breeding achievements of 57 countries of the
world (Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Africa, and Australia), and 33
subjects of the Russian Federation, located in all regions.
The uniqueness and the representative character of the genetic structure of col-
lections of crops refl ect the chosen species, subspecies, and more than 120 botanical
species of plants. The study of the collections is carried out for sample identifi cation,
description of their morphological and biological properties, grain quality, and envi-
ronmental test. Part of the seeds are annually sent to the departments of VIR.
Collections are investigated in the bio station “Lake Kuchak” by Tyumen State
University, and their laboratories of the Department of Botany, Biotechnology, and
Landscape Architecture with infectious and provocative backgrounds. The signs are
chosen taking into account the constraints of the agricultural area of the Tyumen re-
gion: early maturity, resistance to drought, disease, logging, salinity, low temperatures,
resistance to winter, the content, and quality of gluten.
A changing climate may increase the number of plant diseases caused by warming
and therefore of special value samples with resistance genes. It is known that tolerance
of resistant varieties is unstable over time due to the emergence of new virulent races
of pathogens. Therefore, screening collection fund for resistance to phytopathogenic
fungi—agents of rust, powdery mildew, and blights of various etiologies in our re-
search is carried out continuously.
There is a need to develop technologies for the safe and long-term conservation
of plant genetic resources due to various terms of longevity of seeds: microbiotics
(less than 3 years), mezobiotic (3-5 years), and macrobiotic (over 15 years). In cases
of frequent reseeding, plant specimens may give rise to biological contamination or
technical errors that lead to changes in the correlation among biotypes in polymorphic
systems and loss of valuable genotypes. At low positive temperatures (+4°C), adopted
in the world, the seeds remain viable for a long time. Recently, shallow freezing and
cryopreservation (−196°C) have been studied as more long-term methods of storing
seeds.
The Institute of Biology has a modern refrigeration equipment, which allows for a
rapid storage of plant material and microorganisms at temperatures of +4 and −10°C
and longer—at temperatures of −80
and −150°C. Before putting the seed for long-
term, low-temperature storage, it is necessary to constantly check their moisture con-
tent, germination, and phytopathological state. Storage is done in a sealed package.
During the storage of seed is viability monitoring. The diversity of the collection of
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