Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
groups: (1) close to the long-term average value for heat and moisture (1993, 1996,
and 2001); (2) cold and wet (1999 and 2002); and (3) dry and hot (1998, 2003, 2005,
2010, 2011, and 2012).
These and other factors cannot affect the change in the structure and function of
ecosystems. In this regard, the study of plant genetic resources and the formation of
collections for specifi c conditions are of paramount importance. The concept of gene
bank storage of plant genetic diversity has been laid and developed in Russia, N.I.
Vavilov. At present, according to FAO, the world has 1,750 gene banks, including
more than 7 million plant specimens. Of these, there are fi ve main genetic banks in the
United States, China, India, Russia, and Japan. The main source of donor genes for the
selection of domestic and world are collections of All-Russian Research Institute of
Plant Industry, N.I. Vavilov (VIR), with more than 320 thousand of cultivated plants
and their wild relatives. This represents 54.1 percent of the gene pool of the ex-Soviet
Union countries.
The undeniable role in the study and conservation of plant resources belong to
the experimental station, branches, and strong points VIR located in different eco-
geographical zones of Russia, including Tyumen outpost at the Institute of Biology of
the Tyumen State University in 2005 [9].
Tyumen region on the hydrological and climatic conditions can be divided into the
following three major areas: (1) abundant moisture with a lack of heat (the southern
boundary of the zone extends between the Khanty-Mansiisk and Tobolsk); (2) excess
moisture with lack of heat (the southern boundary extends beyond Tobolsk); and (3)
optimal balance of humidity and heat (the southern boundary follows the line Yaluto-
rovsk—Ishim—Omsk) [10].
All landed funds for use are divided into two parts: (1) the northern and (2) the
southern. The northern part of the district includes two nations—Khanty-Mansi and
Yamal-Nenets. Agricultural plants are grown mainly in the south of the Tyumen re-
gion.
In general, the soil and climatic conditions of the southern part of the Tyumen
region is suffi cient for the cultivation of crops, including major cereals—wheat, oats,
and barley. At the same time, a large contrast of soil and climatic characteristics in
space and in time lead to a signifi cant variation of the complex biotic and abiotic en-
vironmental factors. Stress conditions (drought, excess moisture, harsh winters, and
reduced high temperature) may occur in a single or several years. All these reveal the
importance of selecting varieties that can favorably interact with the environment and
ensure high productivity.
Variety is not only a means of increasing the yield, but is also a factor, without
which it is impossible to realize the achievements of science and technology [11].
Identifi cation and protection of donors and sources of selection and valuable features
and properties, as well as all plant biodiversity, is very important especially with
changing technology, extreme situations, and in different environmental conditions.
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