Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
27.1 INTRODUCTION
Red clover and
Galega orientalis
are perennial legume grasses widely used in feed
production in the Republic of Belarus. They play an important role in providing ani-
mals with nutritious feed of high quality and obtaining livestock products with the
lowest cost. Different types of feed are prepared from them: hay, haylage, silage, and
green feed. With a variety of feeds, they can be included in the diet of the animals
throughout the year. During the growing period, the grass stand of a high yielding
clover and
G. orientalis
can ensure the production per hectare of 1.5-3.0 t of nutritious
by fraction and amino acid composition protein, which is characterized not only by
the high digestibility of itself, but also increases the digestibility of feeds from other
crops. The low cost of feed produced from red clover and
G. orientalis
is provided by
their ability as legumes to synthesize protein at the expense of the biological fixation
of atmospheric nitrogen, while excluding the costs of energy-intensive and expen-
sive nitrogen fertilizers [1]. However, the nutritional value of feed and the quality are
largely dependent on the varieties of crops. Therefore, in the BSAA at the Depart-
ment of Breeding and Genetics for many years, there have been breeding work on
creating a new raw material and varieties of red clover and eastern
G. orientalis
with
high yield and forage nutritive value. As a result of selective breeding varieties of red
clover Mereya, TOS-870, and
G. orientalis
Nesterka were created, which are widely
cultivated in the production of the Republic of Belarus. In addition, a new original
material with a different combination of morphological and agronomic and biological
characteristics and properties was produced [2-4]. To increase the nutritional value in
the produced varieties, biochemical assessment of the initial material is an integral part
of the selection process.
27.2 ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE
In the breeding of forage crops, one of the priorities is to improve the quality of feed,
which is done mainly by increasing the protein content of essential amino acids,
fat, ash, nitrogen-free extractives (NFEs) in the green mass, as well as reducing the
amount of fiber. Fundamental studies of the chemical composition of the forage crops
(collections in the All-Russian Institute of Plant Growing) were held by N.N. Ivanov
at the dawn of biochemical science. They showed that all species and varieties of
plants are characterized by the chemical variability [5]. For a successful breeding, it is
important to know the factors that cause this or that quality variability and the limits
within which it is manifested in different crops and varieties. During numerous studies
[6-9], it was found that the amplitude of the quantitative changes in the biochemical
composition and nutritive value of legume grasses depends on the phase of plant de-
velopment. As you progress through the phases of vegetation, especially the flowering
phase, protein content begins to decrease, fiber content increases, and the energy value
of feed dramatically decreases. The chemical composition of forage varies by phase of
development not only quantitatively but also qualitatively. This is due to the variability
of the biochemical processes that occur in plants during the growing season. In the
early phases of development, plants contain more nitrogen substances, easily soluble
carbohydrates, and ash elements. During this period of the plant, growth respiration
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