Field and Laboratory Measurements Related to Occupational and Consumer Exposures - Safety of Nanomaterials along Their Lifecycle - page 292

TABLE 13.3 ( continued )
Publications on Relatively High Energy Dispersion (Source Domain 3)
Reference Scenario Nanomaterial Characterization Metric Summary/Conclusions

Nazarenko et al.
(2011)

Pump and
nebulizer

Ag, Cu, Ca,
Mg, Zn

TEM PNC + PSD

(13 nm-20 μm)

Realistic application of the spray products near the human breathing
zone characterized airborne particles that are released during use of
the sprays. Aerosolization of sprays with standard nebulizers was
used to determine their potential for inhalation exposure. Electron
microscopy detected the presence of nanoparticles in some
nanotechnology-based sprays as well as in several regular products,
whereas the photon correlation spectroscopy indicated the presence
of particles of 100 nm in all investigated products. During the use
of most nanotechnology-based and regular sprays, particles
ranging from 13 nm to 20 µm were released, indicating that they
could be inhaled and consequently deposited in all regions of the
respiratory system. The results indicate that exposures to
nanoparticles as well as micrometer-sized particles can be
encountered owing to the use of nanotechnology-based sprays as
well as regular spray products

Quadros and
Marr (2011)

Pump spray Ag TEM, SEM/EDX PNC + PSD

(10 nm-10 μm),
surface area

Three products were investigated: an anti-odour spray for
hunters, a surface disinfectant, and a throat spray. Products
emitted 0.2456 ng of silver in aerosols per spray action. The
plurality of silver was found in aerosols with 12.5 μm in
diameter for two products. Both, the products' liquid
characteristics and the bottles' spray mechanisms played roles in
determining the size distribution of total aerosols, and the size of
silver-containing aerosols emitted by the products was largely
independent of the silver size distributions in the liquid phase.