Statistics

Page's test To Post-hoc comparisons (Statistics)

Page’s test: A distribution free procedure for comparing related samples. Paired availability design: A design which can reduce selection bias in situations where it is not possible to use random allocation of subjects to treatments. The design has three fundamental characteristics: • the intervention is the availability of treatment not its receipt; • the population […]

Poststratification To Pyramids (Statistics)

Poststratification: The classification of a simple random sample of individuals into strata after selection. In contrast to a conventional stratified sampling, the stratum sizes here are random variables. Poststratification adjustment: One of the most frequently used population weighting adjustments used in complex surveys, in which weights for elements in a class are multiplied by a […]

Q-Q plot To Quota sample (Statistics)

Q-Q plot: Abbreviation for quantile-quantile plot. Q-technique: The class of data analysis methods that look for relationships between the individuals in a set of multivariate data. Includes cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling, although the term is most commonly used for a type of factor analysis applied to an n x n matrix of ‘correlations’ between […]

R To RV-coefficient (Statistics)

R: An open-source software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The software provides a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques and its simple and effective programming language means that it is relatively simple for users to define new functions. Radial plot of odds ratios: A diagram used to display the odds ratios calculated from […]

Saddlepoint method To Sizer map (Statistics)

Saddle point method: An approach to providing extremely accurate approximations to probability distributions based on the corresponding cumulative generatingfunction. For a variable y with cumulative generating function c(t), the first-order approximation is where tj> is determined by c’((j>) = y and c and c” denote first derivative vector and second derivative matrix. [KA1 Chapter 11.] […]

Skewness To Systematic review (Statistics)

Skewness: The lack of symmetry in a probability distribution. Usually quantified by the index, s, given by where and are the second and third moments about the mean. The index takes the value zero for a symmetrical distribution. A distribution is said to have positive skewness when it has a long thin tail to the […]

Taboo probabilities To Type III error (Statistics)

Taboo probabilities: Probabilities pjH, associated with discrete time Markov chains, that give the conditional probability that the chain is in state j at time n and that, in moving from initial state i to j, it has not visited the set of states H. Taguchi’s idle column method: A procedure that enables a two-level orthogonal […]

Umbrella ordering To Utility analysis (Statistics)

Umbrella ordering: A commonly observed response pattern in a one-factor design with ordered treatment levels, in which the response variable increases with an increase in treatment level up to a point, then decreases with further increase in the treatment level. Umbrella problem: A problem, often used to demonstrate the principles of decision making under uncertainty, […]

Vague prior To Vuong statistic (Statistics)

Vague prior: A term used for the prior distribution in Bayesian inference in the situation when there is complete ignorance about the value of a parameter. See also non-informative prior. Validity: The extent to which a measuring instrument is measuring what was intended. Validity checks: A part of data editingin which a check is made […]

Wagner's hypothesis To Wrapped normal distribution (Statistics)

  Wagner’s hypothesis: A hypothesis advanced in the late 19th century by the German economist Adolph Wagner that asserts that as a country’s level of development increases so does the relative size of its public sector. Wald, Abraham (1902-1950): Born in Cluj, Hungary (now part of Romania) Wald studied mathematics at the University of Vienna […]

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