TABLE A-4
VITAMINS AND SELECTED TRACE MINERALS
|
|
REFERENCE RANGE |
||
|
SPECIMEN |
ANALYTEa |
SI UNITS |
CONVENTIONAL UNITS |
|
Aluminum |
S |
<0.2 μmol/L |
<5.41 μg/L |
|
U, random |
0.19-1.11 μμmol/L |
5-30 μg/L |
|
|
Arsenic |
WB |
0.03-0.31 μmol/L |
2-23 μg/L |
|
U, 24 h |
0.07-0.67 μmol/d |
5-50 μg/d |
|
|
Cadmium |
WB |
<44.5 nmol/L |
<5.0 μg/L |
|
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) |
P |
433-1532 μg/L |
433-1532 μg/L |
|
B carotene |
S |
0.07-1.43 μmol/L |
4-77 μg/dL |
|
Copper |
|||
|
S |
11-22 ^moi/L |
70-140 μg/dL |
|
|
U, 24 h |
<0.95 μmol/d |
<60 μg/d |
|
|
Folic acid |
RC |
340-1020 nmol/L cells |
150-450 ng/mL cells |
|
Folic acid |
S |
12.2-40.8 nmol/L |
5.4-18.0 ng/mL |
|
Lead (adult) |
S |
<0.5 μmol/L |
<10 μg/dL |
|
Mercury |
|||
|
WB |
3.0-294 nmol/L |
0.6-59 μg/L |
|
|
U, 24 h |
<99.8 nmol/L |
<20 μg/L |
|
|
Selenium |
S |
0.8-2.0 μmol/L |
63-160 μg/L |
|
Vitamin A |
S |
0.7-3.5 μmol/L |
20-100 μg/dL |
|
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) |
S |
0-75 nmol/L |
0-2 μg/dL |
|
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) |
S |
106-638 nmol/L |
4-24 μg/dL |
|
Vitamin B6 |
P |
20-121 nmol/L |
5-30 ng/mL |
|
Vitamin B12 |
S |
206-735 pmol/L |
279-996 pg/mL |
|
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
S |
23-57 μmol/L |
0.4-1.0 mg/dL |
|
Vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxy |
S |
60-108 pmol/L |
25-45 pg/mL |
|
Vitamin D3, 25-hydroxy |
P |
||
|
Summer |
37.4-200 nmol/L |
15-80 ng/mL |
|
|
Winter |
34.9-105 nmol/L |
14-42 ng/mL |
|
|
Vitamin E |
S |
12-42 μmol/L |
5-18 μg/mL |
|
Vitamin K |
S |
0.29-2.64 nmol/L |
0.13-1.19 ng/mL |
|
Zinc |
S |
11.5-18.4 μmol/L |
75-120 μg/dL |
aP, plasma; RC, red cells; S, serum; WB, whole blood; U, urine.
TABLE A-5 CLASSIFICATION OF LDL, TOTAL, AND HDL CHOLESTEROL
|
LDL Cholesterol, mg/dL (mmol/L) |
|
|
<70 (<1.81) |
Therapeutic option for very high risk patients |
|
<100 (<2.59) |
Optimal |
|
100-129 (2.59-3.34) |
Near optimal/above optimal |
|
130-159 (3.36-4.11) |
Borderline high |
|
160-189 (4.14-4.89) |
High |
|
>190 (>4.91) |
Very high |
|
Total Cholesterol, mg/dL (mmol/L) |
|
|
<200 (<5.17) |
Desirable |
|
200-239 (5.17-6.18) |
Borderline high |
|
>240 (>6.21) |
High |
|
HDL Cholesterol, mg/dL (mmol/L) |
|
|
<40 (<1.03) |
Low |
|
>60 (>1.55) |
High |
Note: LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein
TABLE A-6
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)a
|
|
REFERENCE RANGE |
|
|
CONSTITUENT |
SI UNITS |
CONVENTIONAL UNITS |
|
Osmolarity |
292-297 mmol/kg water |
292-297 mosmol/L |
|
Electrolytes |
||
|
Sodium |
137-145 mmol/L |
137-145 meq/L |
|
Potassium |
2.7-3.9 mmol/L |
2.7-3.9 meq/L |
|
Calcium |
1.0-1.5 mmol/L |
2.1-3.0 meq/L |
|
Magnesium |
1.0-1.2 mmol/L |
2.0-2.5 meq/L |
|
Chloride |
116-122 mmol/L |
116-122 meq/L |
|
CO2 content |
20-24 mmol/L |
20-24 meq/L |
|
P CO2 |
6-7 kPa |
45-49 mmHg |
|
pH 2 |
7.31-7.34 |
|
|
Glucose |
2.22-3.89 mmol/L |
40-70 mg/dL |
|
Lactate |
1-2 mmol/L |
10-20 mg/dL |
|
Total protein |
||
|
Lumbar |
0.15-0.5 g/L |
15-50 mg/dL |
|
Cisternal |
0.15-0.25 g/L |
15-25 mg/dL |
|
Ventricular |
0.06-0.15 g/L |
6-15 mg/dL |
|
Albumin |
0.066-0.442 g/L |
6.6-44.2 mg/dL |
|
IgG |
0.009-0.057 g/L |
0.9-5.7 mg/dL |
|
IgG indexh |
0.29-0.59 |
|
|
Oligoclonal bands |
<2 bands not present in matched serum sample |
|
|
Ammonia |
15-47 μmol/L |
25-80 μg/dL |
|
Creatinine |
44-168 μmol/L |
0.5-1.9 mg/dL |
|
Myelin basic protein |
<4 μg/L |
|
|
CSF pressure |
50-180 mmH2O |
|
|
CSF volume (adult) |
~150 mL |
|
|
Red blood cells |
0 |
0 |
|
Leukocytes |
||
|
Total |
0-5 mononuclear cells per μL |
0-5 mononuclear cells per mm3 |
|
Differential |
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|
Lymphocytes |
60-70% |
|
|
Monocytes |
30-50% |
|
|
Neutrophils |
None |
|
aSince cerebrospinal fluid concentrations are equilibrium values, measurements of the same parameters in blood plasma obtained at the same time are recommended. However, there is a time lag in attainment of equilibrium, and cerebrospinal levels of plasma constituents that can fluctuate rapidly (such as plasma glucose) may not achieve stable values until after a significant lag phase.
hIgG index = CSF IgG(mg/dL) X serum albumin(g/dL)/Serum IgG(g/dL) X CSF albumin(mg/dL).
TABLE A-7
URINE ANALYSIS
|
|
REFERENCE RANGE |
|
|
SI UNITS |
CONVENTIONAL UNITS |
|
|
Acidity, titratable |
20-40 mmol/d |
20-40 meq/d |
|
Ammonia |
30-50 mmol/d |
30-50 meq/d |
|
Amylase |
4-400 U/L |
|
|
Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio [(Clam/Clcr) X 100] |
1-5 |
1-5 |
|
Calcium (10 meq/d or 200 mg/d dietary calcium) |
<7.5 mmol/d |
<300 mg/d |
|
Creatine, as creatinine |
||
|
Female |
<760 μmol/d |
<100 mg/d |
|
Male |
<380 μmol/d |
<50 mg/d |
|
Creatinine |
8.8-14 mmol/d |
1.0-1.6 g/d |
|
Eosinophils |
<100,000 eosinophils/L |
<100 eosinophils/mL |
|
Glucose (glucose oxidase method) |
0.3-1.7 mmol/d |
50-300 mg/d |
|
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) |
10-47 μmol/d |
2-9 mg/d |
|
Iodine, spot urine WHO classification of iodine deficiency |
||
|
Not iodine deficient |
>100 μg/L |
>100 μg/L |
|
Mild iodine deficiency |
50-100 μg/L |
50-100 μg/L |
|
Moderate iodine deficiency |
20-49 μg/L |
20-49 μg/L |
|
Severe iodine deficiency |
<20 μg/L |
<20 μg/L |
|
Microalbumin |
||
|
Normal |
0.0-0.03 g/d |
0-30 mg/d |
|
Microalbuminuria |
0.03-0.30 g/d |
30-300 mg/d |
|
Clinical albuminuria |
>0.3 g/d |
>300 mg/d |
|
Microalbumin/creatinine ratio |
||
|
Normal |
0-3.4 g/mol creatinine |
0-30 μg/mg creatinine |
|
Microalbuminuria |
3.4-34 g/mol creatinine |
30-300 μg/mg creatinine |
|
Clinical albuminuria |
>34 g/mol creatinine |
>300 μg/mg creatinine |
|
Oxalate |
||
|
Male |
80-500 μmol/d |
7-44 mg/d |
|
Female |
45-350 μmol/d |
4-31 mg/d |
|
pH |
5.0-9.0 |
5.0-9.0 |
|
Phosphate (phosphorus) (varies with intake) |
12.9-42.0 mmol/d |
400-1300 mg/d |
|
Potassium (varies with intake) |
25-100 mmol/d |
25-100 meq/d |
|
Protein |
<0.15 g/d |
<150 mg/d |
|
Sediment |
||
|
Red blood cells |
0-2/high power field |
|
|
White blood cells |
0-2/high power field |
|
|
Bacteria |
None |
|
|
Crystals |
None |
|
|
Bladder cells |
None |
|
|
Squamous cells |
None |
|
|
Tubular cells |
None |
|
|
Broad casts |
None |
|
|
Epithelial cell casts |
None |
|
|
Granular casts |
None |
|
|
Hyaline casts |
0-5/low power field |
|
|
Red blood cell casts |
None |
|
|
Waxy casts |
None |
|
|
White cell casts |
None |
|
|
Sodium (varies with intake) |
100-260 mmol/d |
100-260 meq/d |
|
Specific gravity |
1.001-1.035 |
1.001-1.035 |
|
Urea nitrogen |
214-607 mmol/d |
6-17 g/d |
|
Uric acid (normal diet) |
1.49-4.76 mmol/d |
250-800 mg/d |
Note: WHO, World Health Organization.
TABLE A-8
DIFFERENTIAL NUCLEATED CELL COUNTS OF BONE MARROW ASPIRATESa
|
|
OBSERVED RANGE, % |
95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS, % |
MEAN, % |
|
Blast cells |
0-3.2 |
0-3.0 |
1.4 |
|
Promyelocytes |
3.6-13.2 |
3.2-12.4 |
7.8 |
|
Neutrophil myelocytes |
4-21.4 |
3.7-10.0 |
7.6 |
|
Eosinophil myelocytes |
0-5.0 |
0-2.8 |
1.3 |
|
Metamyelocytes |
1-7.0 |
2.3-5.9 |
4.1 |
|
Neutrophils |
|||
|
Males |
21.0-45.6 |
21.9-42.3 |
32.1 |
|
Females |
29.6-46.6 |
28.8-45.9 |
37.4 |
|
Eosinophils |
0.4-4.2 |
0.3-4.2 |
2.2 |
|
Eosinophils plus eosinophil |
0.9-7.4 |
0.7-6.3 |
3.5 |
|
myelocytes |
|||
|
Basophils |
0-0.8 |
0-0.4 |
0.1 |
|
Erythroblasts |
|||
|
Male |
18.0-39.4 |
16.2-40.1 |
28.1 |
|
Females |
14.0-31.8 |
13.0-32.0 |
22.5 |
|
Lymphocytes |
4.6-22.6 |
6.0-20.0 |
13.1 |
|
Plasma cells |
0-1.4 |
0-1.2 |
0.6 |
|
Monocytes |
0-3.2 |
0-2.6 |
1.3 |
|
Macrophages |
0-1.8 |
0-1.3 |
0.4 |
|
M:E ratio |
|||
|
Males |
1.1-4.0 |
1.1-4.1 |
2.1 |
|
Females |
1.6-5.4 |
1.6-5.2 |
2.8 |
aBased on bone marrow aspirate from 50 healthy volunteers (30 men, 20 women).
