Exert
verb □ to exert a force to put a force on something o Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by the atmosphere on a given surface area. □ to exert an influence to have an influence □ to exert pressure to put pressure onto something
Exhaust
‘ noun 1. the escape or release of vaporous waste material from an engine 2. a pipe through which waste gases pass out of the engine o The exhaust valve opens to allow for the exit of exhaust gases. ■ verb to consume or use up all of something o Supplies of fuel are exhausted. (note: To run out is less formal.)
exhaust gas
noun gas which is the product of the combustion process and which is passed out through the exhaust system o Exhaust gases contain carbon monoxide.
exhaust system
noun a system of pipes, silencers, etc., which carry exhaust gases from the engine to a point where they are released into the atmosphere
exhaust valve
noun a valve in a piston engine which allows exhaust gases to leave the cylinder
exhibit
verb to have or to display o Composites, due to their construction, exhibit good fatigue behaviour. o Altocumulus are (usually) white layers or patches of cloud frequently exhibiting a waved appearance.
exist
verb to be present under particular circumstances or in a specified place o Water can exist in the atmosphere in three forms. o A fire risk may exist following failure or leakage of any component.
existence
noun the fact or state of being o Warning systems are provided to give an indication of a possible failure or the existence of a dangerous condition.
exit
noun 1. the act of going out of a place The exhaust valve opens to allow for the exit of exhaust gases. □ exit velocity the velocity of exhaust gases from a jet engine 2. a way out exit nozzle
noun a pipe or opening through which exhaust gases leave a jet engine exit point
noun a position on the ground above which an aircraft leaving a control zone crosses the boundary
expand
verb to increase in size, volume or quantity, to enlarge o Air expands when heated and contracts when cooled.
expansion
noun an increase in size, volume or quantity o There is an expansion of the gas when it is heated.
expansion chamber
noun a container which allows for expansion of a fluid caused by increase in temperature, etc.
expect
verb to hope or to assume that something is going to happen o the weather to be expected along a route o We expect flight AC 309 within ten minutes. □ as might be expected as people think would happen ‘…by 1959 there were some 40 pilots past age 60 flying the line with the number expected to rise to 250 within the next few years’ [INTER PILOT]
expected
adjective being thought or hoped to be taking place o the expected number of passengers
expected approach time
the time at which air traffic control expects an arriving aircraft to complete its approach for landing, following a delay.
Abbreviation EAT
expedite
verb to speed up the progress of □ to expedite the evacuation to speed up the evacuation □ to expedite the disembarkation to get the passengers off the aircraft quickly
expel
verb to force out, to drive out o Exhaust gases are expelled from the cylinder by the upward movement of the piston. o The piston draws fluid into the cylinders on the outward stroke and expels fluid into the system on the inward stroke.
experience
noun 1.the building up of knowledge or skill over a period of time by an active participation in events or activities o a pilot with 20 years’ experience 2. an event or incident o The first solo is an experience most pilots never forget. ■ verb to undergo, participate in or find oneself in a particular situation o It is not unusual to experience traffic delays on the ground prior to departure. o Turbulence can be experienced when flying through a trough.
experiment noun
a scientific test, carried out under controlled conditions, that is made to demonstrate or discover something o Experiments have shown that left-handed people often have better hand/eye coordination than right handed people. □ to conduct an experiment to perform an experiment ■ verb to experiment (with) to carry out a scientific test under controlled conditions in order to demonstrate or discover something
experimental
adjective referring to something still at an early stage of development, not tried and tested o the experimental and testing stages of a new type of aircraft. □ an experimental aircraft an aircraft designed to be used for experimental purposes o The experimental aircraft were used to investigate high-speed flight.
explanatory
‘ adjective referring to something which explains □ explanatory paragraph a paragraph of text which explains something □ self-explanatory something which does not need any further explanation
explosion
noun 1. a release of energy in a sudden and often violent way o an explosion caused by a bomb 2. an act of bursting as a result of internal pressure o tyre explosion due to overheating 3. the loud sound made as a result of an explosion o The passengers heard an explosion.
explosive
adjective referring to something having the nature of an explosion □ an explosive effect having the effect of an explosion ■ noun a substance, especially a prepared chemical, that explodes or causes explosions, e.g. Semtex
expose
verb to uncover something or leave something uncovered so that it is not protected from something such as rain or sunlight o When the slope of a hill is exposed to solar radiation, wind currents are set up. □ exposed to the sun in sunlight without covering □ exposed surface a surface without paint or covering of any sort
exposure
noun 1. the fact of being exposed, especially to severe weather or other forces of nature o After 24 hours in the sea, she was suffering from the effects of exposure and was taken to hospital. 2. the fact of being subjected to something o Exposure to radio-active substances may cause cancer.
express
verb to put into words, symbols or signs o Bearings may be expressed as true or relative. o An angle may be expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds. o Pressure altitudes are expressed in hundreds of feet.
extend
verb to stretch or spread from one point to another in space or time o Air from the Gulf of Mexico can extend into Canada. o Cumulonimbus clouds may extend to over 50,000 ft. □ to extend the duration of something to prolong the time o The visit was extended to allow time for more discussions.
extensive
adjective large in range or amount □ an extensive area a large area □ extensive cloud a lot of cloud □ extensive use is made of
much use is made of extent
noun a range or amount of something o The horizontal extent of the cloud averages about 50 km. o Clouds of great vertical extent are not uncommon. □ to a certain extent, to some extent partly o The accident was caused, to a certain extent, by the poor weather. □ to a lesser extent not as much as something previously stated o The cloud types which are most likely to affect flying conditions in terms of icing, precipitation and turbulence are cumulus, cumulonimbus and, to a lesser extent, nimbostratus.
external
adjective refer ring to, existing on, or connected with the outside or an outer part o The only external force acting on air is gravity. Opposite internal □ external appearance the appearance of something from the outside
external ambient pressure
noun pressure outside the aircraft extinguish
verb to put out o The fire services extinguished the fire.
extinguisher
noun a portable mechanical device for spraying and putting out a fire with chemicals o Hand-operated fire extinguishers are provided to combat any outbreaks of fire in the flight crew compartment and passengers’ cabins.
extract noun
a part taken from a longer text o The following paragraph is an extract from a flight manual. ■ verb 1. to obtain from a substance by chemical or mechanical action o A dehumidifier extracts moisture from the atmosphere. 2. to take out or to obtain information from some-thing o Extract the important information from a text.
extrapolate
verb to estimate by using known facts o Information given on a synoptic chart can be extrapolated, by the use of some simple guidelines.
extreme
adjective 1. most distant in any direction, the outermost or farthest o the most extreme point on the map 2. to the greatest or highest degree, very great □ extreme care must be taken the greatest care must be taken □ extreme difficulty great difficulty ■ noun either of the two things, values, situations, etc., situated at opposite ends of a range o the extremes of boiling and freezing o The region experiences extremes of temperature.
eye
noun an organ in the head which lets you see. t> coordination, vision
F symbol 1. Fahrenheit 2. farad
FAA abbreviation US Federal Aviation
Administration
fabric
noun material or cloth produced especially by knitting or weaving o A breathing mask has a fabric carrying bag.
fabricate
verb to make or manufacture o Selected wing panels are fabricated entirely from magnesium alloys. o The ease with which aluminium can be fabricated into any form is one of its most important qualities.
face
noun 1. the surface of an object o the face of the earth o The exhaust cone prevents the hot gases from flowing across the rear face of the turbine disc. □ the north face of the mountain the vertical or near-vertical side facing north 2. the front part with dial, indicators, etc. o the face of an instrument □ the face of a clock the front part of the clock with numbers 3. the front of the head, including the eyes, nose, mouth □ full face smoke mask a protective mask for fighting fires which covers the whole face ■ verb to be turned towards a particular direction o Hills and mountains which face the sun receive more intense radiation. □ the building faces north the building has its front towards the north
facilitate
verb to enable something to happen more easily or quickly o A ramp is used to facilitate access to the wing. o Clearly marked exits facilitate rapid evacuation of pas-sengers.
facility
noun 1. ability or ease in moving, acting, or doing something □ a facility in learning to fly a good natural ability for flying 2. an installation or building which provides specific operating assistance o DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) ground facility 3. a mode of operation which allows the user of equipment to do something o The printer has a self-test facility. 4. □ facilities things, especially buildings or equipment, that people can use □ a clubhouse with good facilities a clubhouse with a number of features which can be used by members and guests, e.g. restaurant, bar, reading room, swimming pool □ medical facilities hospitals, clinics, etc.
facsimile
noun same as fax
fact
noun information presented as real o Temperature changes are an important fact in meteorology. □ in (point of) fact in reality, in truth
factor
noun 1. an important part of a result, a process, etc. o Visibility remains a very important factor in aviation. □ critical factor extremely important factor □ dominant factor most important factor □ safety factor something which plays an important part in safety 2. □ by a factor of quantity by which a stated quantity is multiplied or divided, so as to indicate an increase or decrease in a measurement □ by a factor of ten ten times o The rate is increased by a factor of 10. □ conversion factor a formula or figure used for conversion of temperatures, distances, etc., from one system to another o The conversion factor for converting UK gallons to litres is: x 4.546.
fade
noun 1. a periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission o Surface wave at night causes fade of the signal. 2. a periodic reduction in braking power o Hard braking can cause fade and tyre burst through overheating. ■ verb to lose strength, brightness, loudness, or brilliance gradually □ the lights faded the lights became less and less bright, the lights dimmed □ the radio signal faded the radio signal became weaker and weaker
Fahrenheit
noun a scale of temperatures where the freezing and boiling points of water are 32° and 212° respectively. Compare Celsius, centigrade (note: Used in the USA but now less common in the UK; usually written as an F after the degree sign: 32° F.)
fail
verb 1. to stop working properly □ the brakes failed the brakes did not work □ the wing failed during a high-speed turn the wing broke during a high-speed turn 2. to receive an academic grade below the acceptable minimum in an examination or a course of study □ the trainee failed his navigation examination the trainee did not pass her navigation exam □ without fail certainly, definitely o Be here at 8 o ‘clock without fail.
fail safe
noun the principle of designing a structure so that the failure of one part does not affect the safety of the whole
fail safe system
noun a system or device which has inbuilt safeguards against total failure o The term fail safe means that the structure, though damaged, is capable of supporting a reasonable percentage of its design load.
failure
noun 1. a stoppage or a breakdown o bearing failure o Engine failure is sometimes accompanied by fire. □ power failure loss of engine power, or loss of electrical power supply 2. the fact of not achieving the desired goal or result o the failure of an experiment □ failure to do something not doing something o The steward’s failure to remain at his station made the emergency situation worse. 3. the fact of not passing a course, a test, or an examination o His failure in the GFT (General Flying Test) meant that he didn’t finish the course.
Fair
adjective 1. free of clouds or storms, clear and sunny □ fair weather good weather 2. just, reasonable, free of favouritism or bias □ a fair exam an exam which tested students on what they had been taught, was of reasonable difficulty and duration and which did not trick the candidates □ it is fair to say that he should have done better it is reasonable to say that he should have done better ■ verb to join pieces so as to be smooth, even, or regular o The aircraft’s wing is faired into the fuselage.
