Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Tropical wet (Af) (1)
Tropical wet/dry (Aw) (5)
1.0
1.0
R
n
R
n
LE
LE
0.5
0.5
H
H
0.0
0.0
Steppe, warm (BSh) (3)
Steppe, cool (BSk) (9)
R
n
1.0
1.0
R
n
LE
H
0.5
0.5
H
LE
0.0
0.0
Arid (BW) (3-4)
Warm temperate, rainy (Cf) (6-7)
1.0
1.0
R
n
R
n
H
LE
0.5
0.5
H
LE
0.0
0.0
Warm temperate, summer dry (Cs) (8)
Warm temperate, winter dry (Cw) (6)
R
n
1.0
1.0
R
n
LE
H
0.5
0.5
H
LE
0.0
0.0
Cold, humid winters (Df) (10-11)
Cold, dry winters (Dw) (10-11)
1.0
1.0
R
n
R
n
LE
LE
0.5
0.5
H
H
0.0
0.0
Winter
Summer
Winter
Winter
Summer
Winter
Figure A1.1
Characteristic annual energy balances for ten different climatic types (Köppen symbols and
Strahler classification numbers shown). The ordinate shows energy flux density normalized with the
maximum monthly net all-wavelength radiation (Rn), normalized with the maximum monthly value as unity.
The abscissa intervals indicate the months of the year with summer in the center. H = turbulent flux of
sensible heat, LE = turbulent flux of latent heat to the atmosphere.
Source: From Kraus and Alkhalaf (1995). Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Reproduced with permission.
