Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12.2
Controlling factors.
Factor
Parameter
Material
Degree of weathering
•
•
Strength
Joint spacing
•
Bedding spacing
•
•
Dip direction
Type of excavation
Large open excavation
•
•
Trench excavation
Drilled shaft
•
•
Tunnels
Type of plant
Size
•
Weight
•
Space
Run direction
•
Run up distance
•
Figure 12.1
Earthworks process.
Table 12.3
Preliminary assessment of excavation requirements.
Material type
Excavation requirements
Very soft to firm clays
Hand tools
Very loose to medium dense sands
Stiff to hard clays
Power tools
Dense to very dense sands
Extremely low strength rocks - typically XW
Very low to low strength rocks - typically XW/DW
Easy ripping
Medium to high strength rocks - typically DW
Hard ripping
Very high to extremely high - typically SW/Fr
Blasting
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