Units and symbols - The Solid Earth - page 640

Mass

1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)

Force

1kgms − 2 10 5 10 5 gcms − 2 1newton (N) = = dynes =

Pressure

1Nm − 2 1kgm − 1 s − 2 10 − 5

1 pascal (Pa) = = = bar

10 − 8 kilobars (kbar)
1MPa = 10 6 Pa = 10 6 Nm − 2
1GPa = 10 9 Pa = approximate pressure at the base of a 30-km-high column of rock
1 atmosphere (atm) = pressure at the base of a 76-cm-high column of mercury
= 1.013 × 10 5

=

Pa

Energy, work, heat

1 joule (J) = 1kgm 2 s − 2 = 10 7 ergs = 0.2389 calories (cal)

10 − 4

= 2.389 × kcal

1 kcal = 4185 J

Power

1 joule/second (J s − 1 ) 0.2389 cal s − 1

1watt (W) = =

10 − 4 kcal s − 1

= 2.389 ×

1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 W

10 6 1kWh = 3.6 × J

Heat-flow rate across a surface

1Wm − 2

= 2.389 × 10 − 5

cal cm − 2 s − 1

1 cal cm − 2 s − 1 = 4.18 × 10 4 Wm − 2

1 heat-flow unit (hfu) = 10 − 6 cal cm − 2 s − 1 = 4.18 × 10 − 2 Wm − 2

Heat-generation rate
1Wkg − 1 10 3 cal g − 1 a − 1 = 7.54 ×

1Wm − 3 10 − 7 cal cm − 3 s − 1 = 2.389 ×

1 cal cm − 3 s − 1 10 6 Wm − 3

= 4.18 ×

10 − 13 cal cm − 3 s − 1 10 − 7 Wm − 3

1 heat-generation unit (hgu) = = 4.18 ×

Wm − 3 = 0.418