Flow, deformation, and transport - Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences - page 200

Fig. 4.153 View from above of Bénard convection cells in a thin
layer of oil heated uniformly below: the convection is driven by
inhomogeneities in surface tension rather than buoyancy. The
hexagonal cells with flow out from the centers are visualized by light
reflected from Al-flakes.

Fig. 4.154 Circular buoyancy-driven convection cells in silicone oil
heated uniformly from below in the absence of surface tension.

Fig. 4.155 Rayleigh-Bénard convection cells in a rectangular box filled with silicone oil being heated uniformly from below. The convection is
due to buoyancy in this case.

Fig. 4.156 Isotherms in a plume sourced from a heated wire and
shown by an interferogram. Plume grows outward as the 2 ⁄ 5 power of
height.

Fig. 4.157 Isotherms of a laminar plume formed by convection
around a heated cylinder in air.