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Fig. 13.17. Large waterfront development, Singapore (Penta Ocean)
construction, we can define a system consisting of a group of structures and try to
optimize it. The structural system can be as large as an entire urban system. In this
case, we can look at this system as built environment rather than social infrastructure.
Once we establish the function and objective of the built environment, then we can fur-
therexpandourdesignapproachfornaturalenvironmentandtheinteractionbetweenthe
built and natural environments. Instead of using conventional materials such as steel and
concrete, new materials and intelligent technologies may offer a completely new perfor-
manceandservice.Insteadoftryingtomaintaintheoldinfrastructurebasedonlife-cycle
management, we can renovate and redevelop those infrastructures to achieve required
andenhancedperformanceandservice.Basedontheseemergingtrends,objective ofthe
seismicdesign may be transformed into the new objective tocreate a space of safetyand
security in thedecade tocome (see Figure 13.17).
The approaches and new concepts in design discussed above will be useful for design-
ing new and large geotechnical works that have to meet the rapidly growing social and
economicdemandsinAsiaandthoseforredevelopmentofurbanareasaroundtheworld.
6. Designing large urban areas against combined hazards
The extreme event of tsunamis, such as those caused by the Sumatra earthquake of 2004
totheSumatraarea(Tobitaetal.,2006b)mightnotbeeasytocopewiththedesignstrat-
egy discussed in the previous chapter. The height of the tsunamis ranged from 5 to 30m.
Over a 3km inland from the coast line was affected by the tsunami. The coastal area, as
showninFigure13.18,waswashedawayduetothecombinedeffectsofliquefactiondur-
ing the earthquake and erosion by the tsunami. Long distance such as tens of kilometers
should be covered for appropriate vulnerability assessment.
