Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
a
600
600
0.3
03
400
0.2
200
0.1
0
b
0.0
10 20
30
40
0
200
400
600
0.3
400
0.2
200
0.1
c
0
0.0
10 20
30
40
0
200
400
600
0.3
02
400
400
0.2
200
0.1
d
0
0.0
10 20
30
40
0
200
400
600
0.3
400
0.2
200
0.1
0
e
0.0
10 20
30
40
0
10
20
600
0.3
0.2
400
0.1
200
f
0.0
0
10 20
30
40
0
200
400
0.3
600
0.2
0.1
400
200
00
0.0
200 400
Dwell time (ms)
0
0
10 20
30
40
Amplitude (pA)
1 s
Fig. 13.6 Stochastic sensing of analytes in 1 M BMIM-Cl solution and using boromycin as a host.
(
Left
) Typical single channel current recording traces. (
Middle
) Dwell time histograms. (
Right
)
Amplitude histograms. (a)TEA(
t
off
¼
60.6
1.9 ms, amplitude
¼
33.7
0.4 pA, n
¼
7);
(b)DEA(
t
off
¼
40.5
0.5 ms, amplitude
¼
33.6
0.8 pA, n
¼
4); (c)CM(
t
off
¼
34.7
0.6 ms,
amplitude
¼
33.5
1.2 pA, n
¼
4);
(d)HZ
t
1.71
0.06 ms, amplitude
22.6
¼
¼
off
6); (e)NH
4
+
0.7 pA, n
(
t
75.0
1.6 ms, amplitude
33.7
0.2 pA, n
3);
¼
¼
¼
¼
off
and (f)K
+
3).
Dashed lines
repre-
sent the levels of zero current. The
solid lines
in the dwell time histograms are fits of the
normalized event distributions to single exponential functions. This normalization eliminates
the event variation between experiments with different analytes. Figure reprinted with
permission from [
14
]. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society
(
t
52.1
0.3 ms, amplitude
33.6
0.3 pA, n
¼
¼
¼
off
13.3.3 Nerve Agent Hydrolytes
Organophosphorus chemical agents are the most toxic group in chemical warfare
agents [
57
]. They are also known as nerve gases because they can disrupt the nervous
system due to their irreversible binding to acetylcholine esterase, an enzyme which
affects the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine [
57
]. The same
host-guest interaction approach as adopted in the detection of liquid explosives
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