Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Aerial maps
Fly baiting
With readily available aerial maps, which
can be easily obtained via the internet, it
has become very easy to locate potential
sources of fl ies and to predict their
movement into new areas. Businesses that
would be potential sites for fl y reproduction
and breeding (chicken farms, meat markets,
rubbish disposal, etc.) can be located and
their geographic position in relation to
areas of interest can be determined. Because
fl ies have a tendency to follow open airways
when fl ying, dispersal paths can be pre-
dicted leading to potential areas where
these fl ies can migrate to and become a
pest.
Use of aerial maps and other means to
predict ideal fl y breeding areas and
potential dispersal routes can serve as a
preliminary step in determining areas
where fl y prevention and monitoring
measures should be implemented on a
larger scale. The use of aerial maps allows
an area-wide approach to the detection of
potential fl y problems that can be studied
later in more detail with local visits to
potential sites.
This method is similar to the fl y grill except
that the fl ies are counted on a baited surface
during a predetermined period of time.
Different baits can be used including a 2:1
mixture of vinegar and molasses, syrup,
molasses, milk, milk and sugar, and many
others (Burg and Axtell, 1984), as long as
the same mixture is used in samples that
will be compared (AFPMB, 2011). The
addition of attracting pheromones to the
bait stations or cards can be advantageous
as it provides extra incentive for fl ies to visit
the bait. Cards must be large enough to
allow easy counting of the fl ies.
Sticky tapes or cards
Sticky tape or card is usually made out of
paper covered with a sticky substance that
will trap the fl ies and prevent them from
escaping. Commercial sticky cards come
with a peelable cover that protects the
sticky substance until the card is deployed
(Hogsette
et al
., 1993). Although phero-
mones can be used to make the sticky trap
more selective for fl ies, many other fl ying
and even crawling insects can get trapped
on plain sticky tape.
Sticky tape or card is placed within a
location and left for a set period of time,
usually from a few hours to a few days,
depending on the fl y population. Depending
on the fl y population and the other insects
trapped, counting can be sometimes diffi -
cult. Sticky traps are ideal for indoor
situations where dust and other debris are
less likely to be blown onto the sticky
surface, reducing the usefulness of the
sticky card in trapping the fl ies.
Fly grill or grid
The fl y grill, also known as Scudder grill or
grid (Scudder, 1996), can be used as a quick
way to estimate outdoor populations of
fl ies, when a reference value is available for
comparison. It is a quick method that
involves counting the number of fl ies
landing on a grill (parallel wooden slats that
provide a standard area for fl ies to rest) for a
predetermined length of time. The number
of fl ies on the grill is compared with a
standard or threshold previously established
or obtained from areas where fl ies are below
a level that would cause problems. Despite
its ease of use and speed, this method
provides estimates that can vary greatly
depending on where the grill is placed, the
sampling time, the weather and operator
ability (Geden, 2005).
Live traps
Live traps are containers that will allow the
fl ies to easily fl y in (or crawl in, in some
cases) but make it much more diffi cult for
the fl ies to escape. This is usually done
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