Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
fl ies may become unbearable (Srinivasan
et
al
., 2008) independent of any disease and
other problems that these fl ies may bring. It
is, however, the possibility of disease
transmission and the contamination of the
scarce food that may be around that
represent some of the greatest threats in
disaster aftermath. Because fl ies have free
access to corpses, spoiled food and other
contaminated products, the spread of enteric
diseases, such as cholera and dysenteries,
among the human population can occur
rapidly. In some cases, consequences of fl y
infestations will cause greater mortality
than that brought about by the natural
disaster.
large urbanized areas, with consequences
very similar to those caused by disaster and
confl icts. In these situations, there is a very
rapid accumulation of waste in areas with a
concentrated human population. Because
many fl y species can complete development
in a very short time, pest fl y populations
can reach high levels, and conditions
related to fl y populations and Diptera-
vectored diseases can deteriorate very fast.
Under these conditions, it is usually
necessary to organize the population to deal
with the rubbish situation at the same time
that other measures are taken to control the
fl y populations.
War
Inadequate infrastructure
Wars, or even minor confl icts, cause prob-
lems similar to natural disasters. The
cessation of sanitary services and casualties
will cause an abundance of breeding media
and nutrient source for larval and adult
fl ies. In war situations, the presence of
unburied corpses, blood and of parts of
corpses favours fl ies that breed in high-
protein media such as blow and fl esh fl ies,
in addition to many other fl ies. Another
factor that causes an increase of fl y problems
during war times is the disruption of
supplies and water, which aggravates
sanitary problems.
Unlike disasters and wars, which represent
transient situations, inadequate infra-
structure usually represents a more durable
condition that can only be resolved with
large investments in permanent sanitary
systems, education on proper use of these
sanitary systems and related development.
Accumulation of rubbish and sewage
caused by inadequate infrastructure has a
pervasive effect on fl y problems by creating
multiple breeding sites throughout large
areas. More importantly, it aggravates the fl y
problem by creating very good conditions
for the survival and spread of disease
organisms that can be transmitted by fl y
species. Lack of adequate infrastructure also
increases susceptibility of the human
population to Diptera-vectored diseases by
increasing the chances for higher exposure
to disease vectors and pathogens. Areas of
low infrastructure serve as reservoirs for
vectors, hosts and disease organisms, which
can invade or be carried into adjacent areas.
Monitoring, Detection and
Surveillance of Filth Flies
Ideally a monitoring technique provides an
estimate of the fl y population densities that
is reasonably close to the true fl y population
and can be used in predicting the total
number of fl ies in an area (Beck and Turner,
1985). However, most of the practical
monitoring systems can only provide a
relative number that must be compared to
previous observations and experiences so
the present fl y population can be estimated,
and its potential for causing damage,
annoyance and disease transmission can be
reasonably extrapolated.
Labour disputes about waste
management
In more developed areas, labour disputes
and similar stoppages in services can cause
an accumulation of waste, especially in
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