Ornamental, Underutilized, and Vulnerable Palms - Genomics of Cultivated Palms - page 78

Table 8.1 Genomics of Attalea, Butia, Carpentaria, and Ceroxylon

Genus and System Methods and Conclusion Reference

Attalea —SSR

A. phalerata 14 microsatellite loci; 10 showed no
deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

[1]

Butia, Syagrus—
ISSR

8 populations of 4 species of Butia-5 anchor ISSR
primers (CTC) 4 RT, (AG) 8 YT, (AC) 8 T, (CA) 8 G, and
(GA) 8 T; low variability—evidence of hybridization,
shared ancestory, and gene flow between species

[2]

Butia—SSR 50 samples of 2 populations of B. eriospatha (Mart.

ex Drude) Becc analyzed using 14 microsatellite
loci of GA/CA repeats; most of these loci are
cross-transferrable to another vulnerable species,
B. catarinensis. Noblick & Lorenzi

[3]

Carpentaria—
Isozyme

High degree of genetic heterogeneity among
C. acuminata populations; gene flow among
populations was low; rainforest contraction during
pleiocene

[4]

Ceroxylon—
landscape genetics

Ceroxylon echinulatum geographical cline species
status of Andes region confirmed by fruit
morphology; gene flow limited by distance and by
climatic friction; historical isolation in southwestern
population

[5]

cloned, and sequenced two partial cDNA sequences of polyphenol oxidase gene from
Açaí (EoPPO1) and Juçara (EePPO1). Gene expression assays indicated these to
be strongly expressed in palmitos but weakly expressed in leaves [14] . In analyzing
Euterpe , Panza et al. [15] found a dehydrin-like protein in seeds [15] . Storage pro-
teins similar to those in Phoenix , useful as protein markers in palms, have also been
reported [16] . Details of the above discussions are given in Table 8.2 .

8.3 Geonoma, Howea, Johannesteijsma, Livistona, Licuala,
Lodoicea and Metroxylon

The Geonoma genus has 68 species and is found in the tropical Americas. Its diver-
sification occurred during the Miocene, 11.9-19.5 million years ago (mya) [17] . The
degree of geographic structure in the Geonoma phylogeny has been investigated [17] ,
and a significant geographic phylogenetic structure was found. Current patterns of
geographic diversity in Geonoma reflect the present-day climate but to a larger extent
are related to nonenvironmental spatial constraints linked to colonization time and
dispersal limitation [17] . Sympatric varieties were found only in the northern region.
There was no correlation between geographical distance and genetic proximity of
individuals [18] . ISSR markers [18] and PRK and RPB2 sequence variations [19] are
also used in Geonoma . Details of the above discussions are listed in Table 8.3 .