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income and the compensation value paid after the
acquisition of the land by the authority (Akpanu-
doedehe, 2010; Gomes, 2004). Not to exaggerate
that there is no available study specifically looking
at the impact of displacement on Orang Asli tradi-
tional food practice. In other words, to what extent
the displacement program besides the economy, life-
style and others altered or influence the Orang Asli
traditional food practices are yet not discovered.
This is also related to the type of the food prepared,
method of cooking, utensils, ingredients and eating
decorum. This study therefore aims to reveal such
issues and hypothesizes that;
H1: There is a significant relationship between the
effect of indigenous tribe social culture and food
practices.
adoption representing materials (Inkeles & Smith,
1974) The production, processing, distribution of
food were extensively shaped by modernization
(Sobal, 1999). Jussaume (2001) posited that the
modernization of food production, distribution as
well as consumption is encouraged by business and
policy makers. Food changes are also influenced
by the new trends in the consumption which Miele
(1999) described as the emergence of a post-mod-
ern circuit of food and the rise of a new culture
of consumption among the consumers. The con-
venience concept of food which comprises of three
components like time, physical energy and mental
energy significantly contributes to the alteration or
changes (Buckley, Cowan & McCarthy, 2007).
Berry (2000) argued that as the world move, a
slight change occurs on food ingredients, methods
of preparation, cooking and eating decorum. Simi-
lar goes into the cooking equipment's and methods
of cooking. If in the medieval days, people used
equipment's made of clay, metals and ceramic in
the preparation of festival customary food how-
ever were gradually modified along with human
civilization. A range of stoves, ovens with the gas
burners and electric coils, equipment's of stain-
less steel are used to roast, bake, poach, simmer
and fry are among the example (Bakalian, 1993).
In sum, the changes of food practices intricately
related to the complexities of social and economic
circumstances through the force of globalization.
Kuhnlein et al. (2009) states that with increasingly
more of the produced, processed food and mar-
keted on a global scale the less practice of the local
food traditions among the urban society and the
indigenous are apparent.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Displacement and food practices
Indigenous peoples' food practices contain treas-
ures of knowledge from long-evolved cultures and
patterns of living in local ecosystems ein (Kuhn-
lein, Erasmus & Spigelski, 2009). The dimensions
of nature and culture that define food practices
of an indigenous culture contribute to the whole
health picture of the individual and the community
not only on the physical health, but also the emo-
tional, mental and spiritual aspects of health, heal-
ing and protection from disease (Erasmus, 2009;
Spigelski, 2009). Indigenous people are those who
retain knowledge of the land and food resources
rooted in historical continuity within their region
of residence. The local food practices are defined
as “traditional food practices” which invariably
include some foods that may be used by many out-
side of the indigenous culture (Kuhnlein, et al.,
2009). Erasmus (2009) and Spigelski (2009) state
that in the context of indigenous peoples “tra-
ditional foods” are referring to food that can be
accessed locally, without having to purchase them,
and within traditional knowledge and the natural
environment from farming or wild harvesting.
Martinez (1998) noted food like living things
that are sensitive or evolve with changes, altera-
tion and modernization, urbanization are found
to have a major impact on it and strongly link to
social change (Cwiertka, 2000). With that, some
behavioral shifts are occurring in the prepara-
tion and consumption of food, including the
traditional ones and this largely associated with
modernization. Modernization in fact not only
effects on daily food practices but also in tradi-
tional events, celebrations as well as ceremonies
(Gillette, 1997). Modernization is also a structural
change that involves technology development and
3 METHODOLOGY
A descriptive research design using a quantita-
tive approach through a cross sectional study was
applied to a self-reported and self-administered
questionnaire. As this study will establish a funda-
mental basis for other similar future studies, two
tribes of Orang Asli (Kensui and Kintaq) in Hulu
Perak resettlement area were chosen as a sample
population. Based on the data from the Depart-
ment of Orang Asli Affairs (JHEOA), there are
around 200 families with the population of 600
Orang Asli of both tribes resettled in two displace-
ment areas. As the majority of the Orang Asli did
not understand English well the original question-
naire (English version) was first translated into
Bahasa Malaysia (target language) by a senior Eng-
lish lecturer at one of the Malaysian public univer-
sities who is also proficient in Bahasa Malaysia.
Before the actual survey, permission from the
Department of Orang Asli Affairs (JHEOA), Hulu
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