Biomedical Engineering Reference
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Fig. 3
Viral peptide-mediated trafficking of DNA intracellularly. The association of carriers with
peptides derived from viral proteins can facilitate the navigation of DNA past cellular barriers to
the nucleus. Peptides which facilitate endocytic escape include those that form membrane-desta-
bilizing amphipathic helices upon acidification, proton-sponge peptides which disrupt endosomes
by osmotic effects, and those that penetrate membranes by alternate (or unknown) means. Nuclear
targeting can be accomplished by utilizing nuclear localization sequences that recruit importin
proteins which guide the complexes through the nuclear pore complex
We previously reviewed gene delivery efforts for bone regeneration (Varkey
et al.
2004
) and now provide an update on non-viral (Fig.
4
) and viral-mediated
(Table
1
) gene delivery in bone regeneration. Below, we further review the gene
delivery characteristics of select groups of viruses and emphasize the features that
are critical for their functioning and have been employed to design viral-mimetics
based on synthetic carriers. The considerations for non-viral approaches for gene
delivery are highlighted and current efforts on gene-based bone regeneration are
presented. Given that the effective gene therapies rely on appropriate intracellular
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