Biomedical Engineering Reference
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11. The metaphor appeared in the article “human 'epigenome' Project” on
December 21, 2005, in hUm-molGen news, an international internet resource
on hUman molecular Genetics: http://hum-molgen.org/newsGen/12-2005
/000025.html (accessed August 24, 2009).
12. organization of the human epigenome Project was proposed in 2005.
Current members of the consortium are the Wellcome Trust sanger institute,
epigenomics AG, and the Centre national de Génotypage. The consortium's
website is at http://www.epigenome.org (accessed June 9, 2012).
13. DnA methylation involves replacing a hydrogen (h) atom with a methyl
group (Ch
3
) on several C bases that lie in a region of DnA just in front of the start
point for a gene. methylation of this region of DnA inactivates the nearby gene
by preventing it from being read to produce messenger rnA molecules needed
for protein production. for a clear, concise, nicely illustrated description of DnA
methylation and other epigenetic modifications, see Kubicek 2011.
14. novA does an excellent job of explaining the significance of the epi-
genome to the health of our descendents in its documentary film
Ghost in Your
Genes
and through freely available interviews and an interactive video with epi-
genome researchers at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genes/ (accessed may
18, 2011).
15. for a nice summary of the technical report, see schmitz et al. 2011.
16. The estimated time for divergence of chimp and human lineages is based
on fossil and genetic data. The estimate for the neanderthal-modern human split
is based on genomic data analyzed by James noonan and coworkers (noonan et
al. 2006).
17. These studies were cited in the article “human 'epigenome' Project” on
December 21, 2005, in hUm-molGen news, an international internet resource
on hUman molecular Genetics: http://hum-molgen.org/newsGen/12-2005
/000025.html (accessed August 24, 2009).
18. Although identical twins are generally assumed to have absolutely iden-
tical base sequences in the DnA of all of their chromosome, this may not neces-
sarily be so since recent research shows that the nuclear DnA in identical twins
can differ in the number of copies of certain base sequences, a phenomenon asso-
ciated with disease resistance, autism, and lupus (Bruder et al. 2008).
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