Biomedical Engineering Reference
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2. see the human Genome Project's website at http://www.ornl.gov/sci
/techresources/human_Genome/home.shtml (accessed may 9, 2012).
3. ibid.
4. This paper reports on the high-accuracy sequencing of 99 percent of the
portion of the genome containing active genes, i.e., 2.85 billion bases. in this clas-
sic paper is also reported the surprising finding that the human genome contains
only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.
5. The diploid genome consists of both members of each pair of chromo-
somes, for a total of over 6 billion bases.
6. Collaborating companies with the goal of a $100 genome are Bionano-
matrix (now Bionano Genomics http://www.bionanogenomics.com/ [accessed
June 20, 2012]) and Complete Genomics (www.completegenomics.com [accessed
June 9, 2012]). The work is federally funded by the national institute of stan-
dards and Technology-Advanced Technology Program (nisT-ATP).
7. in an interview for
Nature
magazine, michael egholm, vice president of
research and development at the biotech company, 454, stressed what little is
known about how to read the meaning of human genomic data. egholm's com-
ments are quoted in Wadman 2008, 788.
8. A nonmedical benefit of personal genomics for persons interested in family
history is the rapid tracing of family origins back tens of thousands of years based
on genomic analyses. one provider (www.oxfordancestors.com [accessed June
9, 2012]) claims to identify from which of thirty founding human lineages your
family is derived, based on your DnA.
9. Detailed information about the mission, focus area, and details about par-
ticipating in the project are at http://www.personalgenomics.org (accessed June
9, 2012)
10. The most common DnA modification is methylation of the base C when
it occurs just before a G base. Generally, DnA methylation inactivates genes in
which it occurs. histone proteins function to package eukaryotic DnA within
chromosomes. histone modification by methylation, acetylation, or phosphory-
lation can loosen or tighten DnA packaging and thereby make genes accessible or
inaccessible to being expressed. Generally, histone methylation and phosphoryla-
tion are associated with inactive DnA, and acetylation with active DnA.
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