Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.2
Great circle distance (in degrees) from reconstructed LIP location (
Table 3.1
)to
the 1% slow SMEAN contour (Becker & Bosci,
2002
), the seismic voting-map contours C1
to C5 (Lekic
et al
.,
2012
), the 0.96% slow contour in the Castle
et al
.(
2000
) model and the
0.77% slow contour in the Kuo
et al
.(
2000
) model (see Burke
et al
.,
2008
). We also list the
mean and the standard deviation.
LIP
SMEAN C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Kuo Castle
Columbia River Basalts
39.2
36.3
38.3
40.4
41.4
45.1
5.9
4.9
Ethiopia
3.6
4.8
0.5
1.9
2.1
2.4
14.5
7.5
North Atlantic Igneous
Province
19.5
4.2
3.8
0.4
2.0
5.8
3.3
2.5
Deccan Traps
4.1
7.0
7.7
7.7
7.7
10.6
7.2
9.9
Sierra Leone Rise
11.0
5.2
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
9.4
13.0
Madagascar
1.6
12.0
6.4
3.6
3.8
0.3
5.7
4.4
Broken Ridge
6.8
9.9
8.0
7.5
5.3
1.8
2.7
2.8
Wallaby Plateau
2.5
10.2
8.6
5.8
5.7
3.1
3.2
5.8
Hess Rise
4.1
7.1
6.3
0.8
1.1
1.3
9.2
1.1
Central Kerguelen
6.6
9.2
7.5
7.2
4.2
0.3
3.7
2.6
Agulhas Plateau
4.2
0.5
3.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
3.8
2.7
Nauru
10.9
14.5
10.2
9.7
9.3
9.0
3.9
6.6
Southern Kerguelen
6.5
9.2
7.6
7.4
4.1
0.8
4.2
2.5
Rajhmahal Traps
7.0
16.0
13.9
12.1
9.4
8.9
7.1
7.2
Ontong Java
1.7
4.5
4.4
4.1
3.9
1.6
2.6
2.0
Manihiki Plateau
3.9
4.7
2.2
1.0
0.7
0.7
4.8
0.1
High Arctic LIP
(Alfa Ridge)
33.7
5.1
9.0
10.3
15.2
19.7
15.0
9.8
Maud Rise
2.9
2.2
1.3
4.5
4.5
4.5
3.1
1.3
Banbury Basalts
1.8
8.0
6.1
6.1
3.3
7.2
4.0
1.8
Paraná
-
Etendeka
2.5
11.9
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
0.9
3.5
Gascoyne
0.2
8.0
7.1
3.8
3.5
3.3
2.5
3.8
Magellan Rise
2.2
5.7
0.8
0.9
1.8
1.8
9.3
2.4
Shatsky Rise
3.8
5.6
5.5
0.2
1.3
1.4
9.4
2.4
Argo Margin
1.5
7.8
7.9
5.6
4.4
1.5
4.8
3.8
Karroo
6.4
11.9
7.1
4.5
4.2
4.0
7.5
4.8
Central Atlantic
Magmatic Province
0.6
4.0
3.6
3.4
1.8
0.8
0.3
0.9
Siberian Traps
36.2
2.5
0.3
3.1
3.3
3.8
4.4
1.1
Emeishan LIP
0.7
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
19.9
4.8
Panjal Traps
11.4
14.8
13.0
13.0
9.8
5.0
9.6
8.2
Skagerrak-centred LIP
0.6
21.0
15.0
1.6
0.9
3.0
4.0
7.3
Mean
7.9
8.8
7.1
6.0
5.6
5.4
6.2
4.4
Standard deviation
10.5
7.0
7.1
7.4
7.5
8.5
4.4
3.1
3.4.2 Palaeomagnetic reference frame
TPW is the motion of the geographic pole in a reference frame representative of the
entire solid Earth, caused by rotation of the planet relative to the spin axis. Both
Tuzo and Jason in the lower mantle and the crust are affected by TPW but these are
kept
fixed in the mantle in our correlative exercises. The motion of the continents
