Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 21.2
(continued)
Arrows and
nodes in
Fig.
21.1
Authors
Meaning or referent
Knowledge
“C” or names of objects
Information
“L” or ascribed properties of objects
M. Polanyi
(1958/62)
Information
“Explicit knowledge”
Knowledge
“Tacit knowledge”
Stenmark
(2009)
4, 5
“Information” = Information; “knowledge” = Knowledge
R. Rosen
(1991)
1, 8
“Causality” governing the processes occurring in the natural
system, N
4, 5
“Inference,” or “implication” governing the processes occurring
in the formal system, F
3
“Encoding” of N in F
2, 7
“Decoding” of F to infer N
E = mc
2
, and S = k lnW, chemical reactions, quantum
mechanics. It is assumed that
Energy
in Fig.
21.1
includes
free energy which is a function of both matter-energy
obeying the First Law and entropy obeying the Second Law
of thermodynamics
S. Ji (2011)
1
2
Big Bang cosmology and biological evolution or measurements
by
Homo sapiens
3
Biological evolution, phylogenesis, ontogenesis (speculative)
4
H(X) =
p(x) log p(x), where X is a set of messages or
events, x is its members, and p(x) is the probability of the
occurrence of event x (Shannon and Weaver 1949).
Communication, languages. It is interesting to note that the
Boltzmann equation, S = k lnW, is postulated to be
associated with Arrow 1, whereas Shannon equation is
postulated to be associated with Arrow 4. In other words, S
and H are thought to be complementary to each other
∑
5
Cognitive sciences
6
C = B log (1 + P/N) indicates that energy dissipation is
absolutely necessary for any information transmission, i.e.,
for any communication (Shannon and Weaver 1949).
“Without energy, no communication”
7
Epistemology, learning, inquiry. Since (1) knowledge is stored
in the brain, (2) the brain is made out of cells, and (3) cells
are made out of matter, it would follow that “Without matter,
no knowledge”
8
Big Bang cosmology and biological evolution
4, 5
“Infoknowledge”
As a theoretical cell biologist interested in discovering the molecular
mechanisms underlying living processes, I was led to conclude in Ji (1991) that
information
and
energy
are complementary aspects of a third entity called
gnergy
,
the complementary union of information (gn-) and energy (-ergy) (Sect. 2.3.2).
In addition, I postulated that
gnergy
is the necessary and sufficient condition
