Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
2. The recoverable thermal system losses are then added to the other
recoverable heat sources already included (e.g. solar and internal
heat gains, recoverable thermal losses from lighting and/or other
technical building systems such as domestic hot water) in the calcu-
lation of the needs for heating and cooling.
3. Thermal energy needs for heating and cooling are then recalculated.
4. Iterations are performed from Step 1 until the calculated changes of
the energy needs between two successive iterations are less than a
defined limit (e.g. 1%) or calculations will be stopped after a speci-
fied number of iterations.
5. Continue to calculate the difference between the energy at the start
of the iterations and the end; these are the recovered system thermal
losses.
Examples of the internationally recognised energy labels are listed here.
These are summarised in terms of applications in buildings, both residential
and commercial. These include
1. Residential washing machines
2. Household refrigerators
3. Residential air conditioners
4. Water heaters
6.3.2 Major Appliances
For major appliances, energy labels are separated into at least four categories:
1. The appliance's details: according to each appliance, specific details
of the model and its materials.
2. Energy class: a colour code associated with a letter (from A to G) that
gives an idea of the appliance's electrical consumption.
3. Consumption, efficiency, capacity and so on: this section gives infor-
mation according to appliance type.
4. Noise: the noise emitted by the appliance is described in decibels.
6.3.2.1 European Union Energy Label
According to several different European Union (EU) directives (92/75/CEE,
94/2/CE, 95/12/CE, 96/89/CE, 2003/66/CE, Italia), most white goods, light
bulb packaging and cars must have an EU energy label (see Figure 6.4)
clearly displayed when these items are offered for sale or rent. The energy
efficiency of the appliance is rated in terms of a set of energy efficiency
