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system and other option); legislation (prescriptive or enabling legislation, interna-
tional, national and regional legislation) and social considerations (public opinion
and support) came to the front. In the middle of the 2000s, more factors and
subsystem elements were involved in the newly developed methods, such as sav-
ings from energy generation (Bovea and Powell
2006
), habitats diversity (Salhofer
et al.
2007
), and also the social factors such as human well-being and motivation
received bigger attention (since the separation of waste is undertaken by the
inhabitants of a considered city, the citizens
uencing
factor) (den Boer and Lager
2007
), life-cycle analysis for production and con-
sumption of energy and full-cost accounting (Thorneloe et al.
1999
). In some cases,
the weight of factors is determined by stakeholders using questionnaires to obtain
stakeholder opinions to develop fuzzy criteria weights (Hung et al.
2007
).
Over recent years, the method of development of factors and subsystem elements
has been re
'
behaviour is the key in
fl
ned. In the developing countries where the realization of sustainable
waste management is still an urgent challenge, researches (Kurian
2006
; McBean
et al.
2005
; Jadoon et al.
2014
; Worku and Muchie
2012
) focus on among others the
involvement and participation of all the stakeholders, features of existing infra-
structure, seasonal and daily variations of waste generation, etc. Therefore the key
factors here are: environmental (regulations, standards, monitoring and enforce-
ment); policy (guidance with long-term view in allocating resources, poor aware-
ness about the benefits of proper waste management); public (participation in
decision-making, the income of households, family size, education, profession);
NGOs (mobilizing community); private sector (searching and implementing
appropriate actions); media (environmental awareness, focus on real local priori-
ties); scienti
c community (focus on needs of vulnerable population and commu-
nication);
financial (institutions supporting environmentally sound developments);
technical (presence/lack of infrastructural capacity, failure to adequately utilize
modern waste management and processing technology, the absence of an integrated
waste management system).
The so called horizontal factors describe the processes of interchanges between
different waste types (shifts between residual waste, bulky waste, recyclable waste
and illegally disposed waste), and vertical factors are due to changes of the total
sum of all waste streams depending on demographic, economic, social and tech-
nical development (mass-related data and monetary data) (Beigl et al.
2008
).
On the basic of the above review, we can conclude that there is a wide consensus
in the related literature that a typical IWMS includes at least the following six key
factors: environmental, economic, social, institutional, legal and technical. These
factors are the
of a sustainable IWMS that determine why the system
operates as it does (den Boer and Lager
2007
; Langa et al.
2006
; Morrissey and
Browne
2004
; Wilson et al.
2001
; van de Klundert and Anschutz
1999
; Thorneloe
et al.
1999
).
In Table
1
the main factors and some examples of their respective subsystems
are introduced.
'
key drivers
'
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