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case, cost effects can be regarded as an additional impact category. Examples of this
type of models are GABI and Umberto (Kalakula et al.
2014
), well known com-
puterised tools especially in the German speaking community. From both meth-
odological and practical point of view, it is a complex task to compare alternatives
with respect to environmental effects, costs and social aspects. In most cases, the
antagonistic targets of cost minimisation, reduction of environmental effects and
high convenience for the user (mainly of the waste collection scheme) cannot be
met by one single scenario. It is increasingly likely that a scenario in which high
costs are linked with high environmental standards and high convenience will be
involved, whereas low-cost scenarios prove to be less environmentally friendly or
less convenient.
2.3 The Evolution of Factors
In the preliminaries of this research we investigated the conditions and driving
factors of sustainability of IWMS and determined its main aspects based on various
authors. The concept of
'
'
ned as factors that change the status
quo of an existing waste management system (in either positive or negative
direction), be it legislation that encourages an integrated approach to waste man-
agement or change of public perception in an IWMS. A large body of literature on
factors that in
key drivers
are de
uence municipal waste management systems is available. According
to the development of methods investigating urban waste management systems, the
number of factors in
fl
uencing system element increased dramatically worldwide. In
the 1990s, the factors considered in municipal waste management models were
principally economic (e.g. system cost and system bene
fl
t), environmental (air
emission, water pollution) and technological (the maturity of technology) (Salhofer
et al.
2007
). In the late 1990s, to compare different waste treatment and disposal
scenarios, and rank them (from the
), the authors (Haastrup et al.
1989
; Maniezzo et al.
1998
; Tanskanen
2000
) investigated technical data (number
of treatment/disposal technologies and available plants, relative capacities, geo-
graphical data), social progress (demography), environmental aspects (protection of
the environment, use of natural resources, greenhouse gas load, acid load) and
economic variables (maintenance of economic activity) (Phillips et al.
1999
). In
some studies (Kurian
2006
; Shmeleva and Powell
2006
; van de Klundert and
Anschutz
1999
) examining the situation of waste management in the developing
countries,
'
best
'
to the
'
worst
'
the authors introduced six principles:
technical/operational, environ-
mental,
financial, socio-economic,
institutional/administrative and policy/legal
ones.
In the early 2000s, the development of factors continued. In the European Union
(Wilson et al.
2001
), the role of policy, management and institutional structure
(local and regional politics and planning strategy); operational demands (infra-
structure and waste disposal, security, waste stream composition and change);
economic and
financial factors (available funding and subsidies, cost of current
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