Safety and safety planning - Tunnel Engineering: Basics and Additional Services for Design and Construction - page 309

Personal measures provide training for first aiders, rescue services:

- General first aid training.
- Training in the use of emergency breathing apparatus.
- Training of rescue personnel to use breathing apparatus and gas detectors.

8.4 Transport, storage and handling of explosives

8.4.1 Transport to the site
The transport of explosives is a problem affecting the safety of the general public and is
regulated by a series of international regulations for various forms of transport, and there
are also national regulations.
For road transport, the “European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of
Dangerous Goods by Road” (ADR) [3] applies, for rail transport, the “Regulations con-
cerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail” (RID) [192] apply. There
are similar applicable regulations for shipping and air transport.
All these international regulations include
- a classification of hazardous goods,
- a system for labelling hazardous goods,
- regulations concerning packaging,
- regulations concerning the transport documents,
- regulations concerning the means of transport,
- regulations concerning the necessary training for hazardous goods transport and
- regulations concerning load combinations.

As a result of the extensive requirements applicable to the transport of explosives to con-
struction sites, the delivery of explosives to tunnel sites is not normally undertaken by
the construction or blasting contractor but by the company that markets the explosives.
For the stated reasons, no further details are given of the transport of explosives to the
construction site.
The tunnelling contractor thus only has to take care of the safekeeping and storage of
explosives on site and the transport from the site magazine to the location where they will
be used at the tunnel face.
The internationally regulated packaging regulations for explosives and accessories are,
however, of interest to the end-user, since the labelling that has already been applied to the
packaging makes clear the content and the danger of explosion.
Packaging regulations. In all international regulations, explosives belong to Class 1. The
next section repeats the essential provisions, as can be found listed in the Appendix A of
the ADR [3].

Hazard divisions. Explosives are divided into sub-classes according to their dangerous-
ness, starting with Division 1.1. (Substances and articles which have a mass explosion
hazard, meaning that the entire charge explodes almost simultaneously) down to Division
1.6. (Extremely insensitive articles).