Biomedical Engineering Reference
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure 10.3
TEM images of dried dispersion of CNXLs derived from (a) tunicate
(Elazzouzi-Hafraoui etal. 2008, Copyright (2008), American Chemical Society), (b) bac-
terial (Grunnert andWinter 2002, Copyright (2004), AmericanChemical Society), (c) ramie
(Habibietal.2008, reproducedbypermissionofTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry), (d)cotton
linter, (e) sisal (GarciadeRodriguezetal. 2006,withkindpermissionfromSpringerScience
+
BusinessMedia),and(f)microcrystallinecellulose(MCC) (Brown2004,Copyright (2007),
withpermissionfromElsevier).
hydrolyze the amorphous regions (Ruiz
et al
.
2000;
Angles and Dufresne 2001).
Examples of such elements are given in Figure 10.3.
The acid hydrolysis of native cellulose induces a rapid decrease in its degree of
polymerization (DP) to the so-called level-off DP (LODP). The DP then decreases much
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