Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER
22
Saliva as an Emerging Biofluid
for Clinical Diagnosis and
Applications of MEMS/NEMS
in Salivary Diagnostics
Chamindie Punyadeera
a
,
b
and Paul D. Slowey
c
a
Saliva Translational Research Group, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
b
School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
c
Oasis Diagnostics
s
Corporation, Vancouver, WA, USA
CHAPTER OUTLINE
22.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 454
22.1.1 Saliva—A miracle biofluid? ................................................................................... 454
22.1.2 Saliva production and bimolecular transport ........................................................... 455
22.2 Saliva as a biofluid for disease detection .................................................................................... 456
22.2.1 Saliva diagnostic assays in the market to date......................................................... 458
22.2.1.1 HIV........................................................................................................ 458
22.2.1.2 Drugs of abuse ....................................................................................... 458
22.2.1.3 Steroid hormones for general wellness ....................................................... 460
22.2.1.4 Cotinine ................................................................................................. 460
22.2.1.5 Applications of saliva in molecular diagnostics ............................................ 461
22.2.1.6 Applications of saliva in proteomics ........................................................... 462
22.2.2 Saliva research update.......................................................................................... 462
22.3 Applications of saliva for early detection of ischemic heart disease and in head and neck cancers ..........463
22.3.1 Salivary C-reactive protein levels as a proxy to diagnose ischemic heart disease ......... 463
22.3.2 Salivary DNA methylation as a proxy to diagnose head and neck cancer .................... 463
22.3.2.1 Current clinical work flow for head and neck cancer .................................... 463
22.3.2.2 Current unmet clinical need in head and neck cancer patient management.... 463
22.3.3 Applications of Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)/Nano Electromechanical
Systems (NEMS) in salivary diagnostics ................................................................. 465
22.4 Future outlook and conclusions .................................................................................................. 466
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 468
References ......................................................................................................................................... 468
