Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
FIGURE 3.3
Surface.modiication.of.gold.nanoparticles.with.(A).citrate,.(B).4-mercaptophenol,.(C).PEG,.mushroom-like.con-
formation,.and.(D).PEG,.brush-like.conformation.
Galactose.was.used.by.Bergen.et.al.
87
.for.active.targeting.of.hepatocytes..Galactose.was.
conjugated.to.AuNPs.of.different.sizes.targeting.hepatocytes.via.recognition.by.galactose.
receptor.asialoglycoprotein..The.AuNPs.were.synthesized.by.the.reduction.of.HAuCl
4
.with.
sodium.borohydride.in.the.presence.of.2-aminoethanethiol..The.galactose-PEG-AuNPs.were.
prepared.by.reacting.galactose-PEG-thiol.(O-pyridyl.disulide).with.colloidal.gold..Uptake.
of.galactose-PEG-AuNPs.was.found.to.be.16-fold.that.of.PEG-AuNPs.by.hepatocytes.
Kang.et.al.
88
.targeted.the.cell.nucleus.by.conjugating.30.nm.pegylated.(PEG).AuNPs.to.
an.arginine-glycine-aspartic.acid.peptide.(RGD;.the.cell.attachment.site.of.adhesive.extra-
cellular.matrix.and.cell.surface.proteins),.as.well.as.a.lysine-lysine-lysine-arginine-lysine.
peptide,.which.is.a.nuclear.localization.signal.(NLS).peptide..The.RGD.targets.cell.surface.
alpha.v.beta.6.integrins,.facilitating.the.internalization.of.the.AuNPs.via.endocytosis..The.
NLS.associates.with.the.cytoplasmic.karyopherins,.and.then.translocation.into.the.nucleus.
occurs..AuNPs.conjugated.only.to.RGD.were.compared.to.AuNP.conjugated.to.both.RGD.
and. NLS.. The. RGD-AuNPs. were. speciic. to. the. cytoplasm. of. the. cancer. cells,. while. the.
RGD-NLS-AuNPs.were.speciic.to.the.nuclei.of.the.cancer.cells.
