Electrospinning in Drug Delivery - Bionanotechnology: Global Prospects - page 469

or.wound.dressing.patches..The.results.showed.that.only.the.extraction.media.from.the.
CACE-loaded.iber.mats.and.ilms.at.the.extraction.ratios.of.5.and.10.mg/ml.were.toxic.
to.the.cells..This.might.be.due.to.the.toxicity.of.other.triterpenoid.compounds.that.are.
present.in.the.CACE.extract. 83
Due.to.hydrophilicity,.good.chemical.stability,.and.good.thermal.stability.of.poly(vinyl.
alcohol).(PVA), 25 .it.was.selected.to.be.used.as.the.drug.carrier..A.PVA.nanoiber.incorpo-
rated. with. extracts. from. the. fruit. hull. of. mangosteen. was. prepared. by. electrospinnig. 84 .
Mangosteen. ( Garcinia mangostana . Linn). (GM). has. been. known. as. “the. queen. of. fruits”.
because.of.its.excellent.taste.compared.to.that.of.other.fruits..GM.has.been.used.in.tradi-
tional.medicine.for.the.treatment.of.diarrhea,.skin.infection,.wounds,.and.chronic.ulcers..
It.also.has.antimicrobial,.antioxidant,.and.anti-inlammatory.properties. 85-87 .The.morphol-
ogy. of. the. GM. extract-loaded. PVA. iber. mats,. the. actual. amount. of. GM. extract. within.
the. iber. mats,. the. swelling. and. weight. loss. behavior. of. these. iber. mats. in. an. aqueous.
medium,. and. the. release. characteristics. of. the. extract. from. the. GM. extract-loaded. PVA.
iber. mats. were. investigated. by. antioxidant. activity.. Opanasopit. et. al. incorporated. GM.
extract.at.various.contents.(i.e.,.2.5,.5,.and.10.wt%).into.the.PVA.iber.mats..The.obtained.
morphologies.of.these.GM.extract-loaded.PVA.iber.mats.ranged.from.140.to.180.nm..The.
release. characteristics. of. these. GM-loaded. PVA. iber. mats. were. carried. out. by. the. total.
immersion.method..The.results.showed.that.the.amount.of.GM.extract.released.from.the.
PVA.iber.mats.exhibited.burst.release.due.to.the.high.swelling.ability.of.PVA..In.addition,.
the.amount.of.GM.extract.released.from.the.PVA.iber.mats.was.greater.than.that.from.the.
ilm.counterparts.because.the.as-spun.iber.mats.had.a.very.porous.structure.that.contrib-
uted.to.the.high.swelling.ability.in.the.medium. 84
Various. types. of. herbal. substances. that. have. antioxidant. activity. have. been. reported..
Among.them,.gallic.acid,.which.is.a.naturally.occurring.polyphenol.in.a.variety.of.fruits.
and.vegetables,.such.as.grapes,.cherries,.tea.leaves,.and.longan.seeds,.has.been.given.more.
attention.recently. 88 .Gallic.acid.has.been.shown.to.exhibit.antioxidant,.anti-inlammatory,.
anticarcinogenic,. and. antifungal. properties. 89 . Chuysinuan. et. al. 90 . have. incorporated. this.
herbal.substance.in.poly(L-lactic.acid).iber.mats.at.a.concentration.of.40.wt%.based.on.the.
weight.of.PLLA.by.using.electrospinning..The.gallic.acid-loaded.PLLA.ibers.obtained.were.
smooth,.with.average.diameters.of.843.nm..For.use.as.carriers.for.topical.or.transdermal.
patches,.the.gallic.acid-loaded.PLLA.iber.mats.were.investigated.by.the.total.immersion.
method.in.three.different.types.of.releasing.medium.(an.acetate.buffer,.a.citrate-phosphate.
buffer,.and.a.normal.saline)..The.amount.of.gallic.acid.released.from.the.gallic.acid-loaded.
PLLA.iber.mats.into.each.medium.increased.rapidly.during.the.initial.time,.followed.by.
a. gradual. increase,. and. reached. a. plateau. value. at. the. longest. submersion. time.. At. any.
given.submersion.time.point,.the.amount.of.gallic.acid.released.into.the.normal.saline.was.
the. greatest,. followed. by. those. released. into. the. citrate-phosphate. and. the. acetate. buffer.
solutions,. respectively.. This. could. be. due. to. the. greatest. value. of. water. retention. of. gal-
lic.acid-loaded.iber.mats.in.the.normal.saline,.followed.by.those.in.the.citrate-phosphate.
and.the.acetate.buffer.solutions,.respectively..In.addition,.the.difference.between.the.pKa.
value.of.gallic.acid.and.the.pH.of.the.normal.saline.was.greater.than.those.of.the.other.two.
media,.which.caused.the.dissociation.of.the.carboxylic.acid.chain.ends.of.PLLA.into.car-
boxyl.groups.and.helped.to.promote.the.diffusion.of.gallic.acid.out.of.the.ibers. 90
Han.et.al. 91 .fabricated.poly(ε-caprolactone).(PCL)/poly(trimethylene.carbonate).(PTMC).
iber.mats.as.drug.carriers.to.incorporate.the.herbal.medicine.shikonin.isolated.from.the.
plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon .. This. provided. some. interesting. properties. involving.
antitumor,. antioxidant,. antibacterial,. and. anti-inlammatory. properties. 92-94 . The. various.
ratios.(i.e.,.9:1,.7:3,.and.5:5.w/w).of.the.PCL/PTMC.blends.containing.1.and.5.wt%.shikonin.