Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fore-aft GRF
Vertical GRF
OTO
OHS
TO
OTO
OHS
TO
Literature
Santos
Literature
Santos
Stance
Swing
Stance
Swing
OTO
OHS
TO
OTO
OHS
TO
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
% Walking cycle
% Walking cycle
FIGURE 9.10
Ground reaction forces (GRF) in the vertical and fore-aft directions during the walking
cycle of Santos
s
(solid line) and those in the literature (Stansfield et al., 2006) (dashed
line).
9.5.4.2
Quantitative comparison
The comparison between the experimental and predicted WD in terms of the
interval of confidence is presented in
Figure 9.11
. The model determinants
showed significant correlation and agreement with the human subjects, by being
inside the interval of confidence and following the trajectories of the subjects'
determinants.
Figure 9.12
shows the selected key frames for the walking task,
while
Figure 9.13
depicts the R
2
plot for the key frames in
Figure 9.12
. The dia-
mond shape represents the relationship between the simulation data and the aver-
age experimental data of the hip flexion of 10 subjects. Other graphs represent
the relation for the rest of the determinants.
9.5.4.3
Discussion
The results for the first benchmark test showed that 30% of the participants who
watched five videos of the predicted and experimental models thought the simula-
tion video looks normal. It should be noted here that some participants gave low
scores for some of the experimentally driven avatars, indicating that people have
different levels of visual perception in detecting abnormalities in the way avatars
are moving. The results of the second benchmark test show significant similarity
between the shapes of the simulated and human WD. The predicted model even
shows some potential to capture the strong coupling between the WD.
For the quantitative benchmark tests, and in general terms, the results have
shown that the model's hip flexion/extension time history reaches relatively
greater maximum and minimum peaks than the mean of the subject population;
however, it is still considered within normal behavior. Knee flexion/extension lies
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