Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
a Fourier transform of an acoustic pulse to analyze the funda-
mental frequency peak. More details of this and the more com-
plex measurements for TIB and TIC are given in AIUM (1992).
Using Equation 5.21, the MI can easily be calculated. Pressures
measured at increasing distance from the transducer are first
derated, as the peak of the rarefactional pressure in a medium
may differ slightly in position from the free field peak. The new
peak value is then entered into the equation along with the cen-
ter frequency of the acoustic wave, calculated as described previ-
ously. These values may be of interest to users making detailed
output measurements or comparing aspects of safety between
devices, however, they are not used for routine QA.
Chapelon, J.-Y., Cathiqnol, D., Cain, C., Ebbini, E., Kluiwstra,
J-U., Sapozhnikov, O. A. et al. 2000. New piezoelectric
transducers for therapeutic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med.
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Chen, D., Xia, R., Chen, X., Shafirstein, G., Corry, P. M., Griffin,
R. J. et al. 2011. SonoKnife: Feasibility of a line-focused
ultrasound device for thermal ablation therapy. Med. Phys.
38:4372-4385.
Chen, W. S., Brayman, A. A., Matula, T. J., and Crum, L. A. 2003.
Inertial cavitation dose and hemolysis produced in vitro
with or without Optison. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 29:725-737.
Chopra, R., Burtnyk, M., Haider, M. A., and Bronskill, M. J. 2005.
Method for MRI-guided conformal thermal therapy of
prostate with planar transurethral ultrasound heating appli-
cators. Physics Med. Biol. 50:4957-4975.
Clement, G. T., Sun, J., Giesecke, T., and Hynynen, K. 2000. A
hemisphere array for noninvasive ultrasound brain therapy
and surgery. Phys. Med. Biol . 45: 3707-3719.
Clement, G. and Hynynen, K. 2002. A non-invasive method for
focusing ultrasound through the human skull. Phys. Med.
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Coleman, A. J., Draquioti, E., Tiptaf, R., Shotri, N., and Saunders,
J. E. 1998. Acoustic performance and clinical use of a fibre-
optic hydrophone. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 24: 143-151.
Collis, J., Manasseh, R., Liovic, P., Tho, P., Ooi, A., Petkovic-
Duran, K. et al. 2010. Cavitation microstreaming and stress
fields created by microbubbles. Ultrasonics 50:273-279.
Coussios, C. C., Farny, C. H., Haar, G. T., and Roy, R. A. 2007. Role
of acoustic cavitation in the delivery and monitoring of cancer
treatment by high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Int. J.
Hyperthermia 23:105-120.
Coussios, C. C. and Roy, R. A. 2008. Application of acoustics and
cavitation to noninvasive therapy and drug delivery. Annual
Review of Fluid Mechanics 40:395-420.
Damianou, C. and Hynynen, K. 1994. The effect of various physi-
cal parameters on the size and shape of necrosed tissue vol-
ume during ultrasound surgery. Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America 95:1641-1649.
Daum, D. R. and Hynynen, K. 1999. A 256-element ultrasonic
phased array system for the treatment of large volumes of
deep seated tissue. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq.
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Diederich, C. J., Nau, W. H., Ross, A. B., Tyreus, P. D., Butts, K.,
Reike, V. et al. 2004a. Catheter-based ultrasound applicators
for selective thermal ablation: Progress towards MRI-guided
applications in prostate. Int. J. Hyperthermia 20:739-756.
Diederich, C. J., Stafford, R. J., Nau, W. H., Burdette, E. C., Price,
R. E., and Hazle, J. D. 2004b. Transurethral ultrasound
applicators with directional heating patterns for prostate
thermal therapy: In vivo evaluation using magnetic reso-
nance thermometry. Med. Phys. 31:405-413.
Duck, F. A. 1990. Physical Properties of Tissue: A Comprehensive
Reference topic . London: Academic Press Limited.
Duck, F. A. 2008. Hazards, risks and safety of diagnostic ultra-
sound. Medical Engineering and Physics 30:1338-1348.
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American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine and National
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