Systems Informatics and Analysis - Engineering and Science of Biomass Feedstock Production and Provision - page 207

Leboreiro and Hilaly
[ 91 ]; 2011

Corn stover-based
biorefi nery in eight
counties in Central
Illinois, USA

Evaluates biomass collection, transport cost, and optimal
biorefi nery size; nondimensional transportation parameter
obtained using a detailed “farm model”; cost functions
used for different transportation legs; three different
supply schemes

Total production costs were $0.45, $0.47, and
$0.47 l −1 , with optimal biorefi nery capacities
of 4,550, 3,450, and 3,450 Mg d −1 , respec-
tively; 57 % of the fi nal cost was the cost of
delivered corn stover to the biorefi nery

Zhu et al. [ 92 ]; 2011 Switchgrass-based

biorefi nery; location
not specifi ed

Trucks and train for transportation; 10 fi elds, three potential
warehouse locations, and two potential biorefi nery
locations; 120,000 tons per month biorefi nery capacity;
processing cost at biorefi nery of $50 ton −1

Profi t of $0.76-0.80 per gallon; detailed monthly
variation in harvesting, transportation, and
storage amounts provided

Zhu and Yao [ 93 ];
2011

Switchgrass-, corn stalk-,
and wheat stalk-
based biorefi nery;
location not specifi ed

Trucks and train for transportation; 14 fi elds, three potential
warehouse locations, and two potential biorefi nery
locations; 120,000 tons per month biorefi nery capacity;
processing cost at biorefi nery of $50 ton −1

Profi t with switchgrass as single feedstock = $0.21
per gallon; profi t with mixture of three
feedstocks = $0.32 per gallon

An et al. [ 97 ]; 2011 Biorefi nery based on

switchgrass, mill
residue, and urban
wood waste; nine
counties in Central
Texas

Base case switchgrass purchase cost of $60 Mg −1 ; average
ethanol demand of 1,425 l person −1 y −1 ; average transporta-
tion distance of 19 km; transportation cost of
$6.81 Mg −1 + $0.08 Mg −1 km −1 ; 70 % conversion effi ciency
of biomass; comparison of 18 different scenarios

Base case ethanol price of $0.77 l −1 ; cost distribu-
tion in percentage: feedstock = 24.56, feedstock
transport = 6.41, preprocessing = 8.41,
refi nery = 59.33, ethanol transport = 1.29;
ethanol price less than $0.66 l −1 makes the
system uneconomical

Judd et al. [ 87 ]; 2012 Switchgrass-based

energy plant in
Gretna, Virginia,
USA

Collection distances of 13, 32, and 48 km; 3,655 production
fi elds, potential 589 SSLs, and 83 Mg h −1 biomass
demand for 48 km case; possible densifi cation at the SSL

Delivery cost using side-loading rack system for
48 km case was $24.53 Mg −1 ; densifi cation not
justifi ed below 81 km transportation distance

Lin et al. [ 90 ]; 2013 Miscanthus-based

biorefi neries in
Illinois, USA

Total annual Miscanthus demand of two million Mg; 2 %
land allocated for Miscanthus production; 5 % loss rate
at CSPs; grinding at CSP with density of ground biomass
equal to 200 kg m −3 ; 300 L ethanol production per Mg;
number and location of CSPs and biorefi neries and
collection counties optimized

35 counties, 13 CSPs, and one biorefi nery,
primarily in the southern region of Illinois;
optimal cost of $220.6 Mg −1 or $0.74 l −1 ;
47.9 % of total cost due to biorefi nery
processing; cost reduction to $198 Mg −1 with
20 % land allocated to Miscanthus