Systems Informatics and Analysis - Engineering and Science of Biomass Feedstock Production and Provision - page 206

Table 8.2 (continued)

Model and/
or reference with year Crop and region Important feature of the scenario Results

IBSAL [ 74 ]; 2009
(Costs based
on 2006$)

Switchgrass-based
biorefi nery; region
not specifi ed; input
data from multiple
locations in the USA

Biorefi nery capacity of 2,000 and 5,000 Mg d −1 ; comparison
of baling, grinding, and pelletization; yields of 10, 20,
and 30 Mg ha −1 ; consideration of grinding and densifi ca-
tion options; modeling of future technologies such as large
loaf-collection system

$80.64 Mg −1 based on current baling technology;
$ 71.64 Mg −1 based on future loafi ng
technology; pelletization reduced transport
cost by 21 % to $12.16 Mg −1 ; energy input for
crop production = 3.36 % of HHV of
switchgrass

IBSAL [ 9 ]; 2006 Corn stover; specifi c

region not specifi ed

Simulated cost for different scenarios using baling as packing
options; collection cost calculated for smaller units;
transportation cost calculated for total of 450.9 Gg

Collection cost = $21.12 Mg −1 ; transportation
cost = $32.45 Mg −1

Ravula et al. [ 76 ];
2008

Cotton for Mid-Atlantic
cotton gin located in
Emporia, Virginia,
USA

Transport of cotton modules from 5,929 cotton fi elds
to a single gin; gin processes 45 modules per day
(4.5-8.2 Mg per module)

Two greedy algorithm strategies increased the
truck utilization from 77 to 100 %; cost not
determined

Dunnett et al.
[ 108 ]; 2008

Hypothetical geographi-
cal region using
agricultural residues
such as wheat straw
and corn stover

10 % land for biomass sourcing; harvested yield of 5 ton ha -1
y-1; farm-gate price of $53.9 ton -1 ; demand of 2,000 W per
capita electricity and 980 W per capita gasoline with
ethanol as a substitute for both; biochemical processing
of feedstock

Production cost based on current technology
between $0.71 and 0.58 l −1 depending on the
economy
of scale; high-yielding crops and consolidated
bioprocessing reduced the cost to
$0.33-0.36 l −1

BioFeed [ 17 ]; 2010 Switchgrass-based

biorefi nery at
Nashville, Illinois,
USA; 13 counties
in Southern Illinois

Optimized cost with round and square baling as packing
options and optimized scheduling; biorefi nery capacity
optimized; average collection distance of 65 km;
transportation distances calculated using Google maps;
farms uniformly distributed

Cost = $45-49 Mg −1 depending on the collection
area (24-70 km); capacity = 1,400 Mg d −1 ;
fl eet of 66 trucks with average utilization of
86 %; cost most sensitive to truck idling time

BioFeed [ 1 ]; 2010 Miscanthus-based

biorefi nery at
Nashville, Illinois,
USA; 13 counties

Optimized cost with baling (owned and rented), chopping,
grinding, and pelletization as packing options and
optimized scheduling; biorefi nery capacity optimized;
collection area fi xed; 4-month harvesting window

Cost of $47.88 Mg −1 for baling to $62.92 Mg −1 for
chopping; optimized cost was $45 Mg −1 ;
capacity = 2,800 Mg d −1 ; 16 % cost reduction
due to single pass operation; 8 % cost
reduction due to 6-month harvest