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2.3 Comparison of Two Integration Modes
Two integration methods HVAC and VSC-HVDC have their own characteristics,
as shown in Table 1.
Tabl e 1.
Comparison of Offshore Wind Farm Integration Modes
Function
HVAC
VSC-HVDC
Has been established up
to 350MW; Has announced
up to 500MW; proposed
the design of 1080MW
Maximum
transmission
capacity
800MW(400 kV)
380MW(220kV)
220MW(132kV)
132kV has completed
and 220kV and 400kV
in development
Can reach
±
150kV
Proposed
±
300kV
Voltage level
Engineering
construction
Experimental project
in Norway
Many small projects
Black start
capability
Have
Have
Support grid
capacity
Limited and need SVC to
inductive reactive power
VSC can absorb and generate
the inductive reactive power
Offshore
substation
Have
On an oil plantform
Decoupling the
connected grid
No
Yes
Resistors, capacitors
and inductors
Cable model
Resistors
Require
auxiliary
equipment
No need
Needed when low wind speed
Total
system loss
Depend on distance
4%
∼
6%
Fault level
Higher than HVDC
Lower than HVAC
High cost on power plant
(transformers, the thyristor
valves, filters, capacitor banks),
lower cost on cable
More expensive than the cost of
the PCC power station 30%
∼
40%
(IGBT is more expensive than
thyristor), cable expensive than PCC
Construction
cost
3 STATCOM Theory
FACTS technology developed in response of wind farm booming development.
Wind turbine is application of FACTS technology. The intermittent nature of
wind speed led to the uncertainty of the wind farm voltage and output power.
STATCOM in FACTS technology can solve the voltage and reactive power prob-
lem properly.
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