Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 13.1.
Effect of CH
2
Cl
2
and 50% EtOH extracts at 1000 and 100 ppm on puparium formation and
mortality of
Ceratitis capitata.
Extract
(ppm)
Without puparium
formation (%)
Adult emergence
(%)
Without adult
emergence (%)
Overall mortality
(%)
Control
0
a
100
0
0
a
CH
2
Cl
2
(1000)
53
b
10
37
90
b
CH
2
Cl
2
(100)
32
b
18
50
100
b
50% EtOH (1000)
30
b
15
55
100
b
50% EtOH (100)
53
b
10
37
95
b
a,b
Significant differences with respect to control (
p
<0.05).
13.5.1
Delay in the development
of the insect
100%; 50% EtOH, 100 ppm: 95%), and as a
consequence, a low emergence of adults
percentage was observed. Results also
showed that at 100 ppm the 50% EtOH
extract inhibited puparium formation 53%,
whereas at 1000 ppm this was 30%. On the
contrary, the CH
2
Cl
2
extract at a low concen-
tration (100 ppm) inhibited the puparium
formation 32% and 53% for the higher con-
centration (1000 ppm).
For the mortality of adults, it was
observed that on treatment with the 50%
EtOH extract at 1000 ppm, 15% of emerging
adults died thereafter (Fig. 13.3e,f), whereas
at 100 ppm of the extract only 10% of the
adults emerged, 5% of which survived. In
the case of the CH
2
Cl
2
extract, at 1000 ppm
10% of the emerging adults survived, and
when this extract was used at 100 ppm 18%
of the adults that emerged died thereafter
(Fig. 13.3c,d).
The sublethal effects were also assessed
as delays in the development induced by
the CH
2
Cl
2
and 50% EtOH extracts at 1000
and 100 ppm (Fig. 13.5).
The 50% EtOH extract delayed the
development of the fruit fly with similar
values for both concentrations. Thus, the
time necessary for the pupariation of 50%
(PT
50
) of the flies treated with this extract at
1000 ppm was 11.3 days, and the PT
50
for
the flies treated with 100 ppm of the extract
was 12 days. The value for untreated flies
was 5.6 days.
The results presented herein demon-
strate the insecticidal effects of both the
CH
2
Cl
2
and the 50% EtOH extracts of
H. parviflorus
. Nevertheless, delays in the
development of the fruit fly were only
The effect of the CH
2
Cl
2
and 50% EtOH
extracts at 1000 and 100 ppm were evalu-
ated on the delay in the development of the
fruit fly recorded as pupariation time.
Significant differences were found in the
pupariation time obtained with the ethanolic
extract at both concentrations employed
(Table 13.2) (Broussalis
et al.
, 2010).
13.5.2
Pre-pupariation mortality
The CH
2
Cl
2
and the 50% EtOH extracts
induced mortality at 100 and 1000 ppm, but
only the 50% EtOH extract induced delays
in the development time. The effect of the
50% EtOH and the tannin-free 50% EtOH
extracts, the butanolic and aqueous solutions
and the ACN extract were therefore evalu-
ated on the pre-pupariation mortality of
the fruit fly. Each solution was assayed at
20 ppm (Table 13.3) (Broussalis
et al
., 2010).
The lethal effects were evaluated as
mortality percentage at each developmental
stage and as overall mortality. To this end,
the effects of the CH
2
Cl
2
and 50% EtOH
extracts at 1000 and 100 ppm were evalu-
ated on the puparium formation and the
mortality of the fly. The mortality of the
adult stage was also evaluated and recorded
as emergence or non-emergence percent-
ages (Fig. 13.4).
As for the overall mortality, both
extracts induced a high mortality percentage,
even at low concentrations (CH
2
Cl
2
, 100 ppm:
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