Bioinspired and Biomimetic Microflyers - Engineered Biomimicry - page 132

on-board computers remain within mass and
power budgets. Finally, natural flyers have a
remarkable ability to withstand gusts and
recover from mild collisions with objects.
Practical man-made microflyers must also
incorporate such characteristics if they are to
carry out practical missions. Significant advances
have been made in a number of these areas over
the past decade, and these technical challenges
will remain a fertile ground for researchers for
the forseeable future.

[12] W. Bejgerowski, A. Ananthanarayanan, D. Mueller, and
S.K. Gupta, Integrated product and process design for
a flapping wing drive-mechanism, ASME J Mech Des
131 (2009), 061006.
[13] T. Nakagawa, M. Miyazaki, G. Ono, R. Fujiwara, T.
Norimatsu, T. Terada, A. Maeki, Y. Ogata, S. Kobayashi,
N. Koshizuka, and K. Sakamura, 1-cc computer using
UWB-IR for wireless sensor network, Design automation
conference, 2008, ASPDAC 2008 , Seoul, Korea (March
2008), 392-397.
[14] J.H. McMasters and M.L. Henderson, Low speed single
element airfoil synthesis, Tech Soaring 6 (1980), 1-21.
[15] B.H. Carmichael, Low Reynolds number airfoil survey,
Volume I. Technical report, NASA-CR-165803, NASA
(1981).
[16] F.W. Schmitz, Aerodynamics of the model airplane.
Part 1: Airfoil measurements. Technical report, NASA-
TM-X-60976, NASA (1967).
[17] R.A. Wallis, Wind tunnel tests on a series of circular arc
airfoils, ARL Aero Note 74, CSIRO, Australia (1946).
[18] S.J. Miley, A catalog of low Reynolds number airfoil
data for wind turbine applications. RFP-3387 VC-60,
Rockwell International, US Department of Energy,
Wind Energy Technology Division, Federal Wind
Energy, Program, USA (1982).
[19] A. Bruining, Aerodynamic characteristics of a curved
plate airfoil section at Reynolds numbers 60,000 and
100,000 and angles of attack from − 10 to + 90 degrees.
Report Number VTHLR-281, Department of Aero-
space Engineering, Technische Hogeschool, Delft, The
Netherlands (1979).
[20] D. Althaus, ProfilePolaren für den Modellflug. Institut
fur Aerodynamik und Gasdynamik der Universitat Stutt-
gart Neckar-Verlag, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
(1980).
[21] S.F. Hoerner and H.V. Borst, Fluid-dynamic lift , Hoerner
Fluid Dynamics, Bakersfield, CA, USA (1985).
[22] E.V. Laitone, Aerodynamic lift at Reynolds numbers
below 7 × 10 4 , AIAA J 34 (1996), 1941-1942.
[23] E.V. Laitone, Wind tunnel tests of wings at Reynolds
numbers below 70,000, Exp Fluids 23 (1997), 405-409.
[24] F. Bohorquez, P. Samuel, J. Sirohi, D. Pines, L. Rudd,
and R. Perel, Design, analysis and hover performance
of a rotary wing micro air vehicle, J Am Helicopter Soc
48 (2003), 80-90.
[25] F. Bohorquez and D. Pines. Rotor and airfoil design for
efficient rotary wing micro air vehicles, Proceedings of the
61st Annual American Helicopter Society Forum , Grapevine,
TX, USA (June 2005).
[26] B.R. Hein and I. Chopra, Hover performance of a micro
air vehicle: rotors at low Reynolds number, J Am Heli-
copter Soc 52 (2007), 254-262.
[27] R.W. Prouty, Helicopter performance, stability and control ,
Krieger, Malabar, FL, USA (1990).

Acknowledgments
The author thanks Anand Karpatne for his help in creating
some of the figures. Support from the Cockrell School of
Engineering is also gratefully acknowledged.

References
[1] http://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-museum/cia-
museum-tour/index.html (accessed 5.02.2013).
[2] J. Solem, The application of microrobotics in warfare.
Technical Report LA- UR-96-3067, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA (1991).
[3] R. Hundley and E.C. Gritton, Future technology-driven
revolutions in military operations: results of a work-
shop. Technical Report DB-110-ARPA, RAND Corpora-
tion, Santa Monica, CA, USA (1994).
[4] T. Hylton, C. Martin, R. Tun, and V. Castelli, The
DARPA nano air vehicle program. AIAA 2012-588, 50th
AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the new hori-
zons forum and aerospace exposition , Nashville, TN, USA
(January 9-12, 2012).
[5] R.O. Prum, Development and evolutionary origin of
feathers, Bioinsp Biomim 285 (1999), 291-306.
[6] R.O. Prum and A.H. Brush, The origin and evolution
of feathers, Sci Am 288 (3) (March 2003), 60-69.
[7] H. Tennekes, The simple science of flight: from insects to
jumbo jets , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA (2009).
[8] N. Lobontiu, Compliant mechanisms: design of flexure
hinges , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA (2003).
[9] W. Nachtigall, A. Wisser, and D. Eisinger, Flight of the
honeybee—VIII. Functional elements and mechanics of
the flight motor and the wing joint- one of the most
complicated gear-mechanisms in the animal kingdom,
J Comp Physiol B 168 (1998), 323-344.
[10] R.J. Wood, The first takeoff of a biologically inspired at-
scale robotic insect, IEEE Trans Robot 24 (2008), 341-347.
[11] B.M. Finio and R.J. Wood, Distributed power and
control actuation in the thoracic mechanics of a robotic
insect, Bioinsp Biomim 5 (2010), 045006.