Progress Towards Just Cities - Theme Cities: Solutions for Urban Problems - page 96

alternative sexual orientations, which takes one into the question of whether the
settlement does provide an emancipation city role for those with different life-styles
(Lees 2004 ).

3﻽5﻽3﻽4 Inclusion

Related to the previous policy is the recommendation that inclusion, not discrimina-
tion, should be the aim of various zoning policies, development controls, and cop-
ing with immigrants, but without creating further segregation.

3﻽5﻽3﻽5 Community Boundaries

These should be porous, not rigid, as occurred in so many late twentieth century
income-specific developments and especially in gated communities. Such rigid
boundaries do not allow the social mixing and knowledge of people of different
ideas and backgrounds, which have been two of the important experiences of city
life throughout the centuries.

3﻽5﻽3﻽6 Segregation and Diversity

New communities or developments should not be built if they result in increasing
segregation. Also, households should not be moved simply to facilitate diversity
in urban areas since this disrupts social ties and generational linkages and helps to
create delinquency.
These six policy guides provided by Fainstein represent important steps in ex-
plicitly showing how additional diversity in cities can be created, in order to remove
many of the discriminatory practices of the past public planning, whether in private
or public developments. However, they avoid addressing some of the practical ten-
sions that exist where diverse peoples, whether in ethnicity or life-styles, are in
close proximity, namely uneasiness and distrust, perhaps even violence between
groups. Although Keating's ( 1994 ) work in Ohio showed that increased contacts
reduced distrust between people, alternative views have been expressed by Putnam
( 2000 ) who has shown that ethnic diversity in areas, and especially increased im-
migration, reduced both local social solidarity and social capital. Hence at least two
additional types of policy guides are required to ensure that diversity creates posi-
tive social relationships within cities.

3﻽5﻽3﻽7 Adding Community Contacts and Spaces

Policies designed to create more of these features are needed to allow different types
of people in a city or in an area to get to know one another. These policies are almost
always needed in areas of rapid social change, especially with influxes of new im-