Combined Motions of the Shoulder Joint Complex for Model-Based Simulation: Modeling of the Shoulder Rhythm (ShRm) - 3D Multiscale Physiological Human - page 205

Table 9.2 Information on specimens and subjects analyzed to determine ShRm and to perform
validation activities
Gender Weight (kg) Height (cm)
Specimen 1 Male 84 176
Specimen 2 Male 70 170
Subject 1 Male 71 182
Subject 2 Male 57 170
Subject 3 Female 80 168
None of the specimens or volunteers showed external signs of musculoskeletal disorders prior to
the motion analysis. This was confirmed for the specimens by joint dissection after data collection
ilar shoulder movements (25 active datasets were collected for each volunteer). The
volunteers' shoulders were also passively mobilized along each anatomical plane
(12 passive datasets were collected for each volunteer). The collected ex-vivo and
in-vivo raw data were then combined (as explained in further sections) to perform
accurate modeling of the human shoulder joint complex behavior or ShRm.
Data Collection
This section describes the experimental protocol used to collect the above-mentioned
datasets.
Ex-vivo Data Collection
The following protocol was adopted for each specimen. Technical clusters with four
infra-red reflectivemarkers were drilled into each of the bony segment of interest (i.e.,
thorax, scapula, clavicle and humerus) (Fig. 9.4 ). Careful and minimal dissections
of the soft tissue were realized to minimize the effects of the skin traction on the
wand of the cluster. Incisions in muscles were kept as small as possible. Each cluster
allowed defining a local technical frame.
Next, the specimen was processed by computed tomography (CT) using conven-
tional sequences [ 77 , 78 ]. Medical imaging datasets were segmented using commer-
cial software (Amira , Dev. 4.0, Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum Berlin, http://www.vsg3d.
com/amira ) to obtain 3D models of all bones and joints of interest through semi-
automated and manual operations. The following models were obtained for each
processed individual (specimens or volunteers): thorax (including the relevant section
of the spine), two clavicles, two scapulae and two humeral bones. The same recon-
struction procedure was applied for ex-vivo and in-vivo data. Location of the TFs
was also obtained from the available CT datasets by processing the 3D coordinates
of the centroid of each reflective marker. Marker locations and bone models were
naturally defined in the same global CT reference frame.