Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
1 MeBmt
10 MeLeu
2 Abu
11 MeVal
HO
O
O
N
N
N
N
3 MeGly
O
O
O
9 MeLeu
O
N
O
O
O
N
N
N
H
4 MeLeu
8
D
-Ala
O
O
7 Ala
6 MeLeu
5 Val
Cyclosporine A
FIGURE 22.6
Structure of cyclosporine A, which is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide of 11 amino acids
(undecapeptide) produced by the fungus
Tolypocladium inl atum Gams
, and contains unnatural amino acids,
including d-amino acids.
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
N
N
N
O
O
O
O
O
O
Cl
P
P
P
N
NH
NH
2
O
O
HO
NH
+
P
O
NH
2
OH
Cyclophosphamide
4-Hydroxy-
cyclophosphamide
Aldophosphamide
Phosphoramide
mustard
Acrolein
FIGURE 22.7
Cyclophosphamide is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, which is used to treat various types
of cancer and some autoimmune disorders. It is a prodrug and is converted in the liver to active forms such as
phosphoramide mustard that have chemotherapeutic activity.
to as a cytotoxic drug. Unfortunately, normal cells also are affected, and this results in serious
side effects. It is used in cancer treatment and to treat severe cases of RA and other autoimmune
diseases.
Glucocorticoids such as prednisone (Figure 22.8) works principally to block T cell and APC
derived cytokine and cytokine-receptor expression. The major elements blocked are IL-1 and
O
O
HO
HO
O
OH
HO
OH
H
H
H
H
F
H
O
O
Prednisone
Dexamethasone
FIGURE 22.8
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones characterized by an ability to bind with the glucocorti-
coid receptor. Synthetic derivatives of the natural corticoids, including prednisone and dexamthasone, which
are used as effective immunosuppressants.
