Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
FIGURE 17.1
Recovery trajectories in
created and restored wetlands.
Chronosequences of the mean response of
restored or created wetland ecosystems
back to reference conditions (dashed zero
line). Restored or created wetlands con-
verge to values similar to what is found in
the reference wetland (dashed line), and
recovery of function is generally enhanced
over time (Y, years after restoration).
Response ratio values are calculated by
dividing the measured variable in the
restored or created wetland by the same
variable in the reference wetland.
N-values below the x-axis of each panel
show the number of sites of each age-class
included in the study. bp, biogeochemical
processes; bs, biological structure; C,
carbon; hf, hydrological features; m, macro-
invertebrates; N, nitrogen; p, plants; P,
phosphorus; v, vertebrates. (From
Moreno-
Mateos et al. 2012.)
(a)
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
Y
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
100
N
hf
N
bs
N
bp
12
383
353
9
184
150
9
80
85
14
22
24
32
24
15
23
14
6
50
10
Hydrological features
Biological structure
Biogeochemical processes
(b)
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
Ver tebrates
Macroinvertebrates
Plants
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
Y
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
N
v
N
m
N
p
98
94
200
49
32
100
11
16
70
9
11
16
9
11
27
14
(c)
40
Carbon
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
Y
0
5
10
15
20
25
15
30
N
P
N
N
N
C
46
36
22
19
21
13
15
9
10
12
