Tourism, Climate Change and Development - Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues - page 342

GLOBAL TOURISM ENVIRONMENT
International conventions and agreements with respect to global climate and environmental change, Millennium Development
Goals and global economy and trade

International conventions and agreements with respect to global climate and environmental change, Millennium Development
Goals and global economy and trade

TOURIST GENERATING
COUNTRY
Short-term :
Government regulatory and
legislative actions to adapt and
mitigate climate change, including
taxation.
Voluntary changes by consumers
and industry with respect to travel
behaviour.
New cost structures for
international travel.
Long-term :
Effects of climate change on the
economy, environment and
infrastructure of the tourist
generating region.
Changing consumer perception of
destinations as a result of climate
change and media reporting of
change and events.
Changes to local tourism
resources as a result of climate
change.
Changes to tourist behaviour

TOURIST GENERATING
COUNTRY
Short-term :
Government regulatory and
legislative actions to adapt and
mitigate climate change, including
taxation.
Voluntary changes by consumers
and industry with respect to travel
behaviour.
New cost structures for
international travel.
Long-term :
Effects of climate change on the
economy, environment and
infrastructure of the tourist
generating region.
Changing consumer perception of
destinations as a result of climate
change and media reporting of
change and events.
Changes to local tourism
resources as a result of climate
change.
Changes to tourist behaviour

TOURIST RECEIVING
COUNTRY
Short-term :
Government regulatory and legislative
actions to adapt and mitigate climate
change.
Voluntary measures by industry with
respect to climate change adaptation
and mitigation.
New cost structures for tourism
industry.

TOURIST RECEIVING
COUNTRY
Short-term :
Government regulatory and legislative
actions to adapt and mitigate climate
change.
Voluntary measures by industry with
respect to climate change adaptation
and mitigation.
New cost structures for tourism
industry.

TRANSIT REGIONS
Short-term :
Government regulatory and legislative actions to
reduce emissions, including taxation.
New cost structures for international travel
Long-term :
Effects of climate change on the economy,
infrastructure and environment of the transit
region.
Changing consumer perception of transit region
as a result of climate change and media
reporting of change and events.

TRANSIT REGIONS
Short-term :
Government regulatory and legislative actions to
reduce emissions, including taxation.
New cost structures for international travel
Long-term :
Effects of climate change on the economy,
infrastructure and environment of the transit
region.
Changing consumer perception of transit region
as a result of climate change and media
reporting of change and events.

Long-term :
Effects of climate change on the
economy, environment, infrastructure
and attractions of the destination,
including relative government support
for tourism over time.
New promotional strategies and the
development of new markets ,
including domestic tourism and
regional travel.
Relative attractiveness of destination
compared to competing destinations.
Changes to tourism resources.

Long-term :
Effects of climate change on the
economy, environment, infrastructure
and attractions of the destination,
including relative government support
for tourism over time.
New promotional strategies and the
development of new markets ,
including domestic tourism and
regional travel.
Relative attractiveness of destination
compared to competing destinations.
Changes to tourism resources.

Competing international destinations
Same issues as in the initial tourist
receiving country.

Same issues as in the initial tourist
receiving country.

Figure 11.2 Tourism in developing countries and the impact of climate change
(after Hall, 2005)

affects over time. As Figure 11.2 indicates, although the focus of the develop-
ment dimensions of tourism are at the destination, changes elsewhere in the
tourism system are also significant (Hall, 2005), as a negative impact in one
part of the tourism system may constitute an opportunity for another des-
tination elsewhere in the system (Scott et al. , 2008). For instance, regulatory
initiatives developed to mitigate climate change may have impacts on trans-
port systems and, thus, the mobility of tourists (Scott et al. , 2012b). The
potential for increased costs for the consumer arising from mitigation prac-
tices in one jurisdiction may have implications for the price competitiveness
of the destination at an international scale as well as travel within a destina-
tion country. One possible effect of this is that the most peripheral and least
accessible destinations to markets, which typically are most in need of devel-
opment initiatives, are therefore potentially the most vulnerable in relative
terms to the costs of mitigation strategies based on distance travelled, size of
emissions or energy consumed (Hall & Lew, 2009). Such an observation is
vital in understanding the potential impacts of international and national
climate change mitigation regimes on tourism flows and destinations
(Gössling et al. , 2008, 2013). However, the magnitude of the impact will
depend on real cost increases imposed by climate policy (Gössling et al. ,
2008; Pentaelow & Scott, 2010, 2011).