NATURAL GAS FOR CARS AND TRUCKS: OPTIONS AND CHALLENGES - Natural Gas-powered Cars and Trucks: Options and Issues - page 27

35

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, ―Propane Prices: What
Consumers Should Know,‖ https://www.npga.org/files/public/Propane%20Prices%
20What%20Consumers%20Should%20Know.pdf.

36

Propane (91,000 Btu per gallon) has 73% of the energy of one gallon of gasoline. U.S.
Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, ―Fuel Properties Comparison,‖
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ fuel_comparison_chart.pdf.
37 To enable propane to be used as a motor fuel, other gases are mixed with it: no more than 5%
propylene and 5% other gases—primarily butane and butylene.

38

It is used in over 17 million vehicles globally. AFDC, ―Propane Fuel Basics,‖
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ propane_basics.html. 39 AFDC, ―Propane Vehicles,‖
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/propane.html.

40

Estimate of the Propane Research and Education Council, October 23, 2014.

41

International DME Association, ―Frequently Asked Questions,‖ http://www.about dme.org
/index.asp?bid=234#Q1.1.

42

Shanghai has announced plans for a pilot program to burn DME in fleets of buses, taxis, and
commercial trucks as a way to cut particulate emissions and reduce oil imports. Daniel
Kauffman and Bob Riedford, ―Dimethyl Ether: The Most Promising Fuel You've Never
Heard Of,‖ Gas Investing News, January 28, 2014, http://gasinvestingnews.com/ 8048-
dimethyl-ether-the-most-promising-fuel-youve-never-heard-of.html.

43

Deborah Lockridge, ―Gas-to-Liquids Technology Makes Fuel, Oil from Natural Gas,‖
TruckingInfo.com, September 2014.
44 Chris Pedersen, ―Sasol Clears Major Hurdle to Build America's First GTL Plant,‖
OilPrice.com, September 4, 2014, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Sasol-Clears-
Major-Hurdle-to-Build-Americas-First-GTL-Plant.html.

45

Lockridge, ―Gas-to-Liquids Technology.‖
46 Ibid.
47

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technical Support Document for Hydrogen
Production: Proposed Rule for Mandatory Reporting Greenhouse Gases, August 5, 2008,
http://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/documents/pdf/archived/
tsd/TSD%20HydrogenProduction%20EPA_2-02-09.pdf.
48 National Research Council, Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels (Washington, DC:
National Academies Press, 2013), p. 60, http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18264.

49

John O'Dell, ―8 Things You Need to Know About Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Cars,‖ Edmunds, May
21, 2014, http://www.edmunds.com/fuel-economy/8-things-you-need-to-know-about-
hydrogen-fuel-cell-cars.html.

50

AFDC, ―Biobutanol,‖ http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_biobutanol.html.

51

Eduard Gismatullin and Kari Lundgren, ―Branson's Butanol Heading to U.S. as Ethanol
Substitute,‖ Bloomberg, January 29, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-
29/branson-s-butanol-heading-to-u-s-as-ethanolsubstitute.html.

52

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, ―Electric Power Monthly,‖
http://www.eia.gov/ electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_2_04_a.
53 The Energy Information Administration reports that 60% of the new natural gas generating
capacity was in California. Other states adding natural gas generation include Florida,
Texas, Utah, North Dakota, and Iowa. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information
Administration, ―Today in Energy,‖ April 8, 2014, http://www.eia.gov/ todayinenergy/
detail.cfm?id=15751, and ―Today in Energy,‖ September 9, 2014, http:// www.eia.gov/
todayinenergy/ detail.cfm?id=17891.