Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Because of this, a total of 30 usability professionals and other people joined together in a
workshop that was held in Dagstuhl, Germany, in 2010, and Virpi Roto and other editors
summarized the discussion in the “User Experience White Paper” (Roto et al. 2011).
The UX is a complex concept that includes and extends the usability dimensions, with-
out completely overcoming it. Many authors underline the areas in which UX goes beyond
usability (Hassenzahl and Tractinsky 2006; Law et al. 2007). Those areas are well summa-
rized by Petrie and Bevan as follows:
•
UX is more holistic than usability
: As previously discussed, usability focuses on per-
formance of and satisfaction with users' tasks and their achievement in defined
contexts of use; UX takes a more holistic view, aiming for a balance between
task-oriented aspects and other nontask-oriented aspects (often called hedonic
aspects) of eSystem use and possession, such as beauty, challenge, stimulation,
and self-expression.
•
UX is more focused on subjective perception of the system than usability
: Usability has
emphasized objective measures of its components, such as percentage of tasks
achieved for effectiveness and task completion times and error rates for efficiency;
UX is more concerned with users' subjective reactions to eSystems, their percep-
tions of the eSystems themselves, and their interaction with them.
•
UX is more focused on positive aspects of the system than usability
: Usability has often
focused on the removal of barriers or problems in eSystems as the methodology
for improving them; UX is more concerned with the positive aspects of eSystem
use and how to maximize them, whether those positive aspects be joy, happiness,
or engagement (Petrie and Bevan 2009).
Although the accessibility and the usability refer to the quality of the device and system
in access and in use that can be described objectively, the concept of UX relates to such
subjective aspects as an expected experience and perception and memory on the part of
the user. In other words, quality traits such as usability and reliability can be regarded as
independent variables whereas the UX is a dependent variable that will be influenced by
the quality traits of devices and systems to be used. This means that consideration of the
quality traits alone will not necessarily lead to a good UX. We should consider something
more to achieve a better UX. This stance of putting an emphasis on the resulting UX is bet-
ter than just focusing on the quality traits.
Experience was one of the key concepts in the area of marketing, especially in its
relation to the formation of expectation. Establishing a good expectation on the part of
consumers is one of the goals of marketing activity. But the marketing approach is less
concerned about how people use the device or system, on which aspect user engineering
has been focused.
Thus, Kurosu and Ando (2008) and also Kurosu (2010) combined these two concepts
of experience and proposed a four-phase model of UX that was based on the idea that
people will change their stance from the consumer to the user before and after the pur-
chase of the system, as shown in Figure 15.1. In the first phase, people as consumers shape
their expectancy both in subjective ways (e.g., simple desire) and in objective ways (e.g.,
foreseeable usage) for the device and system on the basis of various pieces of information
obtained through such ephemera as advertisements and TV commercials, as well as other
such media (e.g., web sites, journal articles, and information from friends). What the mar-
keting approach has been emphasizing is this phase of UX. Thereafter, people obtain an
