Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
and.to.identify.catchment-scale.stormwater.management.strategies.for.inte-
gration. into. urban. land. management. planning.. The. research. theme. has.
investigated.and.produced.reports.on.the.use.of.alternative.hybrid.and.retro-
it.technological.approaches,.including.constructed.wetlands.for.stormwater.
control.which.contribute.aesthetically.to.the.urban.environment.and.provide.
acceptable.levels.of.prevention/protection.against.looding,.water.pollution,.
and.water.shortage.when.exposed.to.extreme.events.and.conditions.(Scholes.
and.Shutes,.2007;.Shutes,.2009).
To.ensure.a.secure.water.supply.into.the.future,.cities.must.become.“water.
sensitive”.by.reducing.water.use.per.capita,.minimizing.wastewater,.encour-
aging.water.recycling,.and.mitigating.anthropogenic.impacts.on.aquatic.eco-
systems..Water.Sensitive.Urban.Design.(WSUD).involves.a.proactive.process.
which.recognizes.the.opportunities.for.urban.design,.landscape.architecture,.
and.stormwater.management.infrastructure.to.be.intrinsically.linked.(Wong,.
2006).. Urban. stormwater. and. treated. efluents. will. be. reused. for. landscape.
irrigation.and.groundwater.recharge.in.the.cities.of.the.future..All.three.com-
ponents,.that.is,.water.supply,.stormwater,.and.wastewater.will.be.considered.
and.managed.in.a.closed.loop.(Novotny.and.Brown,.2007)..One.of.the.features.
of.future.cities.will.be.localized.drainage.networks.comprising.more.surface.
rather. than. underground. systems.. The. increase. in. stormwater. storage. vol-
umes.and.iniltration.volumes.provided.by.best.management.practices.(BMPs),.
including.constructed. wetlands,.will. reduce.the.volumes. of. stormwater.dis-
charged. to. the. sewer. system. and. to. wastewater. treatment. plants. (WWTPs),.
thus.lowering.the.energy.costs.of.operating.these.plants..The.introduction.of.
stormwater.reuse.contributes.to.Integrated.Urban.Water.Management.(IUWM).
within.the.urban.water.cycle.by.conserving.the.quality.of.drinking.water.sup-
plies.(by.using.the.lowest.quality.of.water.for.lowest.quality.needs).and.gener-
ating.water.supplies.for.urban.agriculture.and.other.uses.
A.summary.of.the.beneits.to.an.IUWM.program.of.introducing.or.retroit-
ting.a.drainage.system.with.constructed.wetlands.and.other.BMP.types.is.
shown.in.Table.19.1..Cost-beneits.will.accrue.from.a.reduction.in.water.pollu-
tion.and.looding..The.enhancement.of.urban.biodiversity.and.the.landscape.
from.the.use.of.wetlands,.ponds,.and.basins.will.also.have.a.cost-beneit.in.
terms. of. increasing. property. values.. Direct. and. indirect. improvements. in.
the. quality. of. life. and. health. of. the. urban. population. will. result. from. an.
integrated. program. of. stormwater,. wastewater,. water. supply. and. demand.
management,.and.environmental.education.
FloodPreventionandPollutionControl
The. European. Water. Framework. Directive. (WFD). was. the. main. driver.
behind. the. review. of. drainage. systems. and. the. implementation. of. BMPs.
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