Biomethylation of Arsenic in Contaminated Soils - Environmental Contamination: Health Risks and Ecological Restoration - page 244

TABLE 12.3
Fungal.Species.Shown.to.Volatilize.As

FungalSpecies Transformation References

C. humicola .ATCC.26699 CCA.→.TMA

TMA.oxide.→.TMA

Cullen.et.al..(1984),.Cox.
and.Alexander.(1973b),.
Picket.et.al..(1981)

Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
(Penicillium brevicaule) .
ATCC.7903

As.(III),.MMAA,.DMAA.→.TMA Huysmans.and.

Frankenberger.(1991),.
Frankenberger.(1998),.
Pearce.et.al..(1998),.
Andrewes.et.al..(2000),.
Challenger.(1945)

Phaeolus schweinitzii .ATCC.
10013

As.(III).→.total.volatile.As.
compounds

Pearce.et.al..(1998)

Gliocladium roseum .ATCC.10521 MMAA,.DMAA.→.TMA Cox.and.Alexander.

(1973)

Neosartorya ischeri ,. Aspergillus
clavatus ,. A. niger

As.(III),.As.(V).→.total.volatile.
As.compounds

Cernansky.et.al..(2009)

Aspergillus clavatus ,
A. niger ,. Trichoderma viride ,.
Penicillium glabrum

As.(V).→.total.volatile.As.
compounds

Cernansky.et.al..(2007)

Penicillium .sp.,. Ulocladium .sp..
(inoculated.to.soil)

As.(unknown.As.species.in.As.
polluted.soil.plus.DDT).→.total.
volatile.As.compounds

Edvantoro.et.al..(2004)

biotransforming.organisms.have.been.found.in.diverse.environments:.soils.
(Cheng.and.Focht.1979,.Cernansky.et.al..2007,.2009,.Meyer.et.al..2007),.sewage.
sludge.(Cox.and.Alexander.1973a,.Michalke.et.al..2000),.fresh.water.sediments.
(McBride.et.al..1978,.Bright.et.al..1994),.and.composts.(McBride.et.al..1978).

Bacteria and Archaea

The.early.research.of.Gosio.and.even.as.late.as.that.of.Fredrick.Challenger.
was.focused.on.fungi..Indeed,.Challenger.and.Bach.proposed.that.bacteria.
were. unable. to. volatilize. As. (Bach. 1945,. Challenger. 1945).. Earlier. Puntoni.
(1917).detected.a.garlic-like.odor.(indicating.As.volatilization).from.several.
bacteria. species. exposed. to. DMA. or. arsenate. that. had. been. isolated. from.
fecal.material..But.in.a.later.study,.Challenger.and.Higginbottom.(1935).were.
unable. to. show. volatilization. from. these. same. species. culture. collection..
Such. outcomes. are. the. reason. why. Challenger. did. not. support. the. idea.
that.bacteria.could.perform.As.volatilization..Assuming.these.bacteria.that.
Challenger.used.were.the.same.species.as.those.used.by.Puntoni,.it.can.be.
inferred. that. there. may. be. only. certain. strains. of. a. given. bacterial. species.
that.can.do.As.volatilization.
The.most.widely.studied.group.of.microorganisms.relative.to.As.volatiliza-
tion.are.methanogenic.bacteria..Under.anaerobic.conditions,.methanogenic.