Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
volatilization.in.the.late.1800s.(Bentley.and.Chasteen.2002)..Although.As.vol-
atilizing. organisms.identiied.by.this. method. were.later. substantiated,. we.
only.report.the.modern.research.when.analytical.methods.allowed.the.mea-
surement.of.individual.As.species.evolved.by.microorganisms..Furthermore,.
we.are.limiting.our.review.to.As.volatizing.organisms.found.in.the.environ-
ment.(soil,.water,.and.sewage.materials).and.not.those.reported.in.mamma-
lian.intestines,.feces.or.urine.(see.Bentley.and.Chasteen.2002).
In.soils,.thus.far.there.is.no.evidence.that.there.is.chemical.volatilization.
of.As.compounds..This.was.shown.by.Atkins.and.Lewis.(1976).who.found.
no.As.volatilization.from.steam-sterilized.soils.amended.with.
74
As.labeled.
disodium.methanearsonate.compared.to.non-sterilized.soils.that.lost.up.to.
11%.of.the.added.As.over.a.60.day.incubation.
A. large. consortium. of. natural,. indigenous. microorganisms. are. able. to.
convert. inorganic. As. to. volatile. alkyl. As. derivatives. via. biomethylation..
Aerobic. and. anaerobic. bacteria. and. archaea. (Table. 12.2). and. microscopic.
fungi. (Table. 12.3). are. responsible. for. this. process. (Cullen. and. Reimer. 1989,.
Michalke.et.al..2000,.Bentley.and.Chasteen.2002,.Meyer.et.al..2007)..These.As.
TABLE 12.2
Bacterial.Species.Shown.to.Volatilize.As,.MMAA,.DMAA,.MMA,.DMA,.TMA
BacterialSpecies
Transformation
References
Methanobacterium
.strain.MOH.
ATCC.33272
As.(V).→.As.(III).→.MMAA→.
DMAA.→.DMA.(anaerobic)
McBride.and.Wolfe.(1971)
Flavobacterium
,.
Cytophaga
.sp.
DMAA.→.TMAO.(aerobic)
Chau.and.Wong.(1978)
→.TMA.(aerobic)
Honschopp.et.al..(1996)
Alcaligenes
.sp.
As.(V),.As.(III),.MMAA
DMAA.→.Arsine.(aerobic)
Cheng.and.Focht.(1979)
Pseudomonas
.sp.
As.(V).→.MMA,.DMA,.TMA.
(aerobic)
Shariatpanahi.et.al..(1981),.
Cheng.and.Focht.(1979)
Corynebacterium
.sp.,.
E. coli
,.
Proteus
.sp.
As.(V).→.DMA
Shariatpanahi.et.al..(1981)
Nocardia
.sp.,.
Achromobacter
.sp.,.
Aeromonas
.sp.
As.(V).→.MMA,.DMA
Shariatpanahi.et.al..(1983)
Strict.anaerobic.Gram-positive.
strain.(ASI-1).(high.similarity.
with.
Clostridium glycolicum
.
based.on.16S.rDNA.
sequencing)
As.(V)→.AsH
3
,.MMAs,.DMAs,.
TMAs
AsX.(anaerobic)
Meyer.et.al..(2007)
R. palustris
As.(V).→.DMA,.TMA
Qin.et.al..(2006)
Clostridium collagenovorans
As.(V).→.TMA
Michalke.et.al..(2000)
Archaea
Methanobacterium formicicum
,
As.(V).→.MMA,.DMA,.TMA
Michalke.et.al..(2000)
Methanosarcina barkeri
,.
Methanobacterium
thermoautotrophicum
As.(V).→.AsH
3
Michalke.et.al..(2000)
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